506 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



much more movable than the right clasp. The arrangement 

 suggests that it is intended to facilitate a lateral instead of a medial 

 approach in the capture of the female. The upper appendage or 

 tegumen is also twisted, so as no doubt to correspond with the 

 obliqueness of the whole appendage, as most definitely seen in the 

 clasps. 



Grote asserts ( Can. Ent., xix., p. 79) that "the American Hemaris 

 axillaris and H. tenuis are outgrowths of the Palaearctic H. fucifortnis, 

 whilst the American H. gracilis is strictly congeneric with the 

 European H. bombyliformis ." 



The imagines appear to be day-fliers and to haunt the flowers 

 much as do the Sesiids (Macroglossids), nor is this habit confined 

 to the Palaearctic species, for, in southern Manitoba, in spring, the 

 bloom of the wild plum is visited by Hemaris thysbe and H. tenuis 

 (Heath, Can. Ent., xxxiii., p. 99). On the other hand, Mrs. Nicholl 

 observes that, in the Val d'Ombla, Cochrania croatica haunts the hot 

 rock faces, hovering over the broiling masses of limestone exactly in 

 the same manner as does Sesia stellatarum in England. 



Tribe : Hemaridi. 



Hiibner includes (Verz., p. 131) the Hemarids in his coitus 

 Cephonodae, defining this as having " The wings almost scaleless, 

 the body variegated — Cephonodes hylas, Fab., bombyliformis, Esp., 

 fuciformis, Linn., pelasgus, Cram., croatica, Esp." It will be observed 

 that Hiibner here places croatica with the Hemarids and not in 

 Psithyros with stellatarum. 



Really the Hemarids (sens, strict.) form a very solid tribe, as solid as 

 the Manducids. All the species appear to be very close indeed, and to 

 give no really sound basis for even generic division. The real 

 differences of the imagines of this section are : 



1. Smoothness of scaling. 



2. Extent of wing-clearness. 



3. Character of the small clear spot at anal angle of hindwing. 



One suspects that the larvae, habits, specialisation to foodplant, 

 &c, give much more definite data as to the specific distinctness 

 or otherwise of the different forms. The second section, represented 

 by Cephonodes* (hylas), is abundantly distinct, both in the pupal and 

 imaginal conditions. The Hemarids (sens, strict.) are most numerous 

 in the Nearctic region, but several species are Palaearctic. On the 

 other hand the Cephonodids are "the tropical representatives of 

 the Hemarids, being found almost throughout the Ethiopian, Indo- 

 Malayan, and Austro-Malayan regions. The wings are longer and 

 more pointed than in the Hemarids and transparent, except the 

 nervures and the borders which are often very narrow (Kirby)." 



Bartel follows the usual continental arrangement of grouping 

 Cochrania croatica with Sesia stellatarum on the character " wings 

 scaled throughout." Battel's classification of the Palaearctic species, 

 omitting the Sesiids (Macroglossids) which he groups with C. 

 croatica, works out as follows : 



* 



Curiously in the British Museum collection Cochrania croatica is rightly 

 separated from Sesia stellatarum, with which Staudinger and others erroneously 

 place it, but is placed, not with Hemaris where it belongs, but in Cephonodes horn 

 which it is amply distinct. 



