522 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



but rather glossy, the colour rich brown, with a blackish shade on 

 the centre of each segment, and blackish outlines on the wing- and 

 antenna-cases (Hellins). Black, shiny, but rugose, with red-brown 

 intersegmental membrane, the head covered with short red-brown 

 hairs. Head prominent, with ' two projecting papillae (one on each 

 side of the base of the maxillae), forming nose-horn like spines, distinct 

 but not conspicuous, owing to the prominence of the mouth-parts. 

 .Antennae set in at the junction of the dorsal face-piece and pro- 

 thorax. The latter not well-developed, the prothoracic spiracle in 

 contact with the antennae and on the line of separation between 

 the pro- and mesothorax, the mesothorax not very prominent dorsally, 

 the metathorax very ill-developed. The wing-surface folded trans- 

 versely. Movable incisions between abdominal segments 4 — 5, 5 — 6, 

 6 — 7. The abdominal spiracles very inconspicuous, a very narrow 

 slit at base of a slight depression. The cremaster flattened, hollowed 

 ventrally, ending in a bifid tip, and bearing lateral rows of hooked 

 points. Sexual organs conspicuous. Ventrally the maxillae reach to 

 the apex of the wings, and end on the first movable incision. Two 

 pairs of legs only visible, and these end just short of the tips of the 

 antennae, which extend about § along the costa of the wing. The 

 glazed eye exists as a narrow, black, shiny lunule, extending from 

 the base of the first pair of legs to the base of the antenna (Tutt). 



COMPARISION OF PVPM OF HEMARIS TITYUS, H. FUCIFORMIS 



and Cochrania croatica. — In the pupa of H. tityus, the facial 

 spines or horns, instead of forming a summit ridge, are rather 

 directed forward and end in a sharp point directed ventrally. 

 The prespiracular ridges are most marked on 5, nearly evanescent 

 on 6. The anal spine is perhaps narrower, and its margin (seen 

 dorsally) is more in line with the outline of segments 8, 9, 

 and 10, whilst in the pupa of H. fuciformis there is an evident 

 narrowing at the base of the spine. C. croatica has a much 

 smoother pupa, the wrinkles being very slight and almost evanes- 

 cent on the abdominal segments, the face-spines forming very low 

 mammillae, that would escape observation if not looked for, the 

 wing-cases very smooth ; the spicules on the anal spines are 

 perhaps rather fewer and stronger, the prespiracular ridges very 

 strongly marked on the 5th abdominal (Chapman). 



Pupal habits. — The pupal stage usually extends from July to the 

 following May or June ; in warmer climates some imagines emerge in 

 August after a pupal period of only three weeks. Not infrequently the 

 species passes two winters in the pupal stage at Wernigerode (Fischer). 



Foodplants. — Lonicera (Linne), all the garden varieties of 

 honeysuckle (Hellins), variegated honeysuckle (Bingham-Newland), 

 Lo7iicera xylosteum, L. caprifolium (Nickerl), Symphoricarpus race- 

 mosus (Bristowe). [Herrich-Schaffer states that the larva? feed 

 on Lonicera and Galium ; Heinemann gives Galium verum only ; 

 Caradja gives Galium, and Himsl Scabiosa arvensis (evidently 

 referring to H. tityus). Zeller criticised the statements of Herrich- 

 Schaffer and Heinemann as to Galium being a foodplant, and 

 Kranz long since pointed out that the larvae of this insect would 

 not eat Galium, Knautia or Epilobium as stated by many authors, 

 but only species of the genus Lonicera.'] 



Habits and habitat. — In wood-clearings and wood-ridings, 



