78 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



records from various parts of France and Spain, etc., where a second 

 brood is not suspected. In Southern Spain, it may be double-brooded 

 — it is at any rate recorded as early as April 23rd, 1905, at Granada 

 (Muschamp), but in Catalonia, New Castile, Aragon, etc., there is no 

 evidence whatever of a second-brood. In Italy, too, the actual 

 evidence of double-broodedness is wanting. Stefanelli states that it 

 occurs almost everywhere in Tuscany from the middle of May to 

 September, without suggestion, however, of two broods, but Verity 

 writes (in lift.) (without offering any proof by breeding or otherwise) 

 that, in Tuscany, up to 500 metres, the species is double-brooded, 

 occurring in April-May and August-October, the specimens of the 

 first brood having the markings of the underside more strongly 

 developed, those of the second brood being a transition to the single - 

 brooded mountain form that is lighter in colour and markings. 

 Further details, however, based on actual breeding of specimens, is 

 very desirable. In Transcaucasia the species is noted as occurring in 

 July (Komanoff), and at Tokat and Amasia, in July (Fountaine); in 

 Eussia, in the Orenburg district, in June (Eversmann); in the Kasan 

 Government, June and July, and in the Wiatka Government, in July 

 (Kroulikowsky); in Bulgaria, July and August, very common 

 (Bachmetjew); July- September, in Bosnia (Rebel); July and August, 

 in Croatia (Grund); mid- July to beginning of September, in Hungary, 

 (Aigner-Abafi); end of June to mid- August, in Galicia (Nowicki); late 

 June (singly) to end of August, in Carniola (Hafner); late June to 

 August, but single-brooded, in Carinthia (Zeller); mid- July to October, 

 in Moravia (Fritsch); in August, in Morea (Rebel); in June, in Bosnia 

 and Montenegro (Nicholl). In Spain, it has been (as already noted) 

 recorded as early as April 23rd, 1905, at Granada (Muschamp); May 

 9th-13th, 1901, at Caldas de Maravilla, and May 21st, 1901, on the 

 southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada (Nicholl); June 10th, 1904, at 

 Jaca (Burr) ; June 10th, 1905, at Barcelona, June 16th, 1905, at 

 Montserrat (and out the same year on June 17th, at Vernet-les-Bains) 

 (Standen); whilst Burr observed it on July 13th, 1905, at Montserrat, 

 and on June 23rd-24th, it was taken at Montseny (Nicholl), etc. 

 Chapman has collected over a large area in Aragon, New Castile, etc., and 

 has found the species in July and August, although sometimes, in mid- 

 July, it has not been fully out. This is written only to show how little we 

 know whether there are tw T o broods or not in Spain, even locally, and 

 our knowledge of its appearance in Southern France and Italy, is even 

 more fragmentary. We offer the following list of recorded dates for 

 Continental and British localities, leaving the question of the double- 

 brooded area of this species and its hybernating habit in such areas to 

 be worked out later by someone with more detailed and abundant data, 

 only surmising that the areas in which a double-brood can possibly 

 occur, must be of necessity very limited. The dates we have 1 collected 

 for Continental localities are :— July 12th-21st, 1867, at Raibl 

 (Zeller); June 28th-July 3rd, 1872, at Lucca (Walker); August 18th, 

 1872, at Meiringen (Lang); July 24th-31st, 1875, at Argeles (Distant); 

 end of August, 1876, in the Kanderthal, at Chur, Menaggio, and Val 

 Vedro (Forbes); July 7th, 1878, between Chiavenna and Casaccia 

 (Elwes); July 30lh and August 1st, 1882, at Leuk, 5000ft. (Elwes); 

 September 1st, 1882, at Pierrentte Nestalas, at 1665ft. above sea-level 

 (A. H. Jones); July, 1884, at Alveneu Bad and Pontresina (Lemann); 



