114 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



(1761); Hufn., " Berl. Mag.," ii., p. 72 (1766); Fabr., " Syst. Ent.," p. 525 in part 

 (1775); Fuess., " Verz.," p. 31 (1775); Geoff., " Fourc. Ent. Par.," p. 244 (1785); 

 Rossi, "Fn. Etrus.," ii., p. 156 in part (1790); Don., "Brit. Ins.," iv., p. 93, 

 pi. cxliii., fig. 1 (1795); Cuv., " Tabl. Elem.," p. 591 (1798); Latr., "Diet. Hist. 

 Nat.," xxiv., pp. 185, 200 (1804); " Hist. Nat. Crus. Ins.," xiv., p. 118 (1805); 

 111., "Rossi's Fn. Etrus.," 2nd ed., ii., p. 248 (1807); Latr., " Gen. Crus. Ins.," 

 iv., p. 206-7 (1809); "Cons. Gen.," pp. 355, 440 (1810). Agestis, Schiff., 

 " Schmett. Wien.," lsted., p. 184, j (1776); Lang, " Verz.," p. 54 (1789); Lasp., 

 "111. Mag.," iv., p. 64 (1804). Alexis,* Scop., "Ent. Carn.," p. 179, vars. 2, 3, 

 and perhaps 1 (1763); (?)Rott.,f " Naturf.," vi., p. 22 (1775); Sebiff., " Schmett. 

 Wien.," p. 184 (1776); Goze, "Ent. Beitr.," ii., pt. 3, p. 73 (1780); Brahm, "Ins. 

 Kal.," ii., p. 461 (1791); Bork., " Rhein. Mag.," i., p. 287 (1793); Hiibn., "Eur. 

 Schmett.," pi. lx., figs. 292-4 (1796); "Raup.," pi. xxxiii., figs, la-b (1800); 

 111., "Schmett. Wien.," 2nd ed., ii., p. 271 (1801); Schrank, " Fn. Boica," ii., 

 p. 213 (1801); Ochs., "Schmett. Sachs.," p. 328(1805); Hiibn., "Eur. Schmett.," 

 text, p. 48 (1806); Ochs., " Die Schmett.," i., pt. 2, p. 38 (1808); Oken, "Lehrb.," 

 ii., p. 719 (1815); Dalm., " Handl. Sv. Vet. Akad.," p. 98 (1816); Latr., " Nouv. 

 Diet.," new ed., p. 495 (1818); Godt., " Enc. Meth.," ix., p. 690 (1819); 

 " Pap. Fr.," i., p. 212 (1821); Stphns., " Illus. Haust.," i., p. 91 (1828); " Ins. 

 Cat.," 1st ed.,ii.,p. 24(1829); Bdv., "Eur. Lep. Ind.," p. 12 (1829); Dup., 

 "Pap. Fr.," supp. i., p. 389 (1832); Cant., "Lep. Var," p. 6(1833); Treits., 

 " Die Schmett.," x., pt. 1, supp., pp. 69, 236 (1834); Freyr., " Neu. Beitr.," vii., 

 p. 29, pi. dexvi. (1836); Ramb., " Fn. And.," p. 269 (1839); Wood, "Ind. Ent.," 

 p. 8, pi. iii., fig. 69 (1839); Bdv., " Gen. Ind. Ent.," p. 11 (1840); Zett., "Ins. 

 Lapp.," p. 913(1840); Humph, and Westw., " Brit. Butts.," p. 107, pi. xxxiv., 

 figs. 7-13 (1841); Neust. and Korn., "Schmett. Schles.," p. 48, pi. xxii. and xxiii., 

 figs. 73a-/ (1842); H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," i., p. 120(1843); Evers., " Fn. Volg.- 

 Ural.," p. 51 (1844); Dup., " Cat. Meth.," p. 32 (1844); Selys-Longch., " Enum. 

 Lep. Belg.," p. 4 (1845); Zell., " Isis," pp. 10, 152 et seq. (1847); Dbldy., " Syn. 

 List," p. 1(1850); Stphns., "List," 1st ed., p. 2 (1850); Nick., "Syn. Lep. 

 Bohm.," p. 18 (1850); Hdnr., "Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.," p. 13 (1851); Westw. and 

 Hew., " Gen. Diurn. Lep.," ii., p. 493 (1852); Gerh., " Mon.," p. 15, pi. xxvii., 

 figs. 4a-c, pi. xxviii., pi. xxxv., fig. 2, pi. xxxviii., figs. 8, 9 (1852); Meyer-Diir, 

 "Schmett. Schweiz," p. 77 (1852); Wllngr., " Skand. Dagsf.," p. 220(1853); 

 Koch, " Geogr. Verb.," p. 48 (1854); Men., "Cat. Mus. Pet.," p. 57 (1855); Stphns., 

 "List," 2nd ed., p. 18 (1856); Koch, " Schmett. Sudw. Deutsch.," p. 28 (1856); 

 Stn., " Man.," L, p. 61 (1857); Ramb., " Cat. Lep. And.," p. 40 (1858); Speyer, 

 "Geogr. Verb.," i., p. 85 (1858); Zebr., "Lep. Krak.," p. 158 (I860); Wilde, 

 " Pflanz. Raup.," ii., p. 42 (1861); Butl., " Cat. Diurn. Lep.," p. '269 (1869); Frey, 

 "Lep. Schweiz," p. 18 (1880); Mosley, "111. Br. Lep.," pt. vii., pi. iii. (1880); 

 Berce, "Lep. Fr.," p. 15, pi. iii., figs. 6, 7 (1884); Buckl., "Larv.," i., p. Ill, 

 pi. xv., figs. 2-2c (1886); Barr., "Lep. Br. Isl.," L, p. 77, pi. xi., figs. 2-2j (1893); 

 Ofyh., "Etudes," xix., p. 14, pi. vi., fig. 52 (1894); xx., p. 23, pi. iv., figs. 

 41-47 (1896); Wheel., "Butts. Switz.," etc., p. 35 (1903). Medon (?), Esp., 

 "Eur. Schmett.," i., pt. 1, p. 330, pi. xxxii. (supp. viii.), fig. 1 (1777). Thetis, 

 Esp., "Eur. Schmett.," L, pt. 1, pp. 332, 335, pi. xxxii. (supp. viii.), fig. 2; 

 xxxiii. (supp. ix.), fig. 3(1777). Polyphemus, Esp., "Eur. Schmett.," i., pt. 1, 

 p. 387, pi. 1. (supp. xxvi.), figs. 2-3 (1777); Goze, "Ent. Beitr.," ii., pt. 3, p. 71 

 (1780); Schneid., " Sys. Beschr.," p. 250 (1785). Pampholyge, Bergs., "Norn.," 



* Alexis, Poda, is an older name than icarus, v. Rott., but cannot possibly 

 belong to this species. Poda's original description is as follows: — P. P. alexis: 

 wings quite entire, fuscous, ash-grey beneath ; the primaries with five sub-ocellate 

 spots, the secondaries with two obsolete ones. On the disc of the primary wings 

 are five contiguous sub-ocellate spots increasing in size, and a solitary oblong spot, 

 the lunate margin without colour (Poda, Ins. Gr., p. 77, no. 47). The expression 

 " magnitudine crescentes" would seem at first sight to refer to cyllarus (? of 

 course, as being fuscous), and alexia, Poda, was taken to refer to this species by 

 Fabricius (Slant. Ins., ii., p. 72 ; Ent. Sys., iii., pt. 1, p. 294), Ochsenheimer 

 (Schmett. Deutsch., i., pt. 2, p. 12), and Nowicki (Mot. Galic, p. 42), the latter as 

 late as 18(io ; but cy liar us has no lunate margin at all. At any rate it is clear 

 that it is neither P. icarus nor A. medon (astrarc)te); I have a ¥ liylas, taken at 

 Berisal in 1897, which exactly corresponds with the description (G.W.). 



|- This reference is open to question ; there is a very strong tendency on the 

 part of the older authors to refer it to Aricia medon (astrarche). 



