134 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



named candiope by Bergstrasser, and later iphis by Meigen, whilst the 

 specimens with 3 (tripuncta), 4 (quadripimcta), 5 (quinquepuncta) have 

 been more recently specially designated by Courvoisier. It often happens 

 that the numbers are not the same on the two wings. Of the submedian 

 row, the most frequently absent of these spots appear to be 6 and 7, 

 whilst, on the other hand, it sometimes happens that they are well- 

 developed, the lower turned round outwardly to join with the chevron 

 surmounting the lowest marginal liinule forming a distinct ,'( = ab. vinju- 

 laria, n. ab.); this form is not uncommon, and Blachier notes examples 

 from Veyrier, Gex, Thoiry, Bussin, etc. Wheeler notes {in litt.) that this 

 aberration appears in the British Museum coll. in two $ s and several 2 s 

 from the " Leech coll.," a $ from " St. Petersburg, July 10th, 1883," 

 another from " Vernet," it also occurs in several south Italian and 

 Corsican examples, and in several $ s from Asia Minor and Greece. 

 The aberration, he says, indeed, appears to be generally distributed and 

 fairly common. Of the others the 3rd spot of the submedian series 

 appears to have a greater tendency than the others to take on an oval, 

 elongated or pyriform shape, although the whole series sometimes 

 becomes modified in this direction. When this occurs in all the wings 

 we get ab. ecctensa, when in the forewings only we get ab. transiens, 

 Obth., when in the hindwings only ab. postivo-extensa. The union 

 of the submedian spots with the chevrons of the marginal lunules so 

 as to form a series of black streaks on the forewings ( = ab. anticostriata) 

 or the hindwings ( = ab. posticostriata) or both ( = ab. striata), make 

 striking aberrations, and partial union in other directions such as 

 the extension of the submedian dots to touch the discoidal and the basal 

 to join the discoidal (ab. radiaia, n. ab.), the lower basal to join 

 the lower submedian (inelanotocca, Ma 1 i\ = ar<-uata, We} T m., or biarcuata 

 Tutfc) are more or less frequent in the forewings ; whilst, on the hind- 

 wings, the union of the upper basal and the 1st submedian ( = ab. 

 costajuncta, Tutt), the third basal and penultimate submedian ( = ab. 

 basijuncta), the 1st submedian and 1st marginal chevron { — apieojuncta, 

 n. ab.), is frequent, and soon. In the obsolete direction the hindwings 

 seem to show much more frequently an absence of spots than the fore- 

 wings [except in the case of 6 and 7, which is a form of obsolescence 

 frequently associated with the icarinus or candiope (iphis) forms] , and 

 when the spots are largely absent in the submedian and basal series we 

 get the form semipersica, Tutt, so named as being, in the obsolescent 

 character of its spots, intermediate between the type and ab. persica, 

 described as having all the basal and submedian spots of both wings 

 extinct; the form with them absolutely extinct only on the forewings 

 is very rare ( = ab. antico -obsoleta), only on the hindwings ( = ab. postica- 

 obsoleta). The form without orange lunules, as well as with the 

 submedian and basal spots on all the wings absent, is persica, Bien. ; 

 it should not be isolated merely on account of its whiter ground colour, 

 since the 3 s of obsoleta, Clark (=caeca, Gillmer) are usually also quite 

 pale or whitish-grey in their ground tint. Of the hypothetical vacua, 

 Gillm. (without spots or marginal lunules, or discoidals), we have, 

 like Gillmer, never seen a specimen. Reverdin gives [in litt.) some 

 details of the variation of the basal spots of the underside of the 

 forewings in the specimens in his collection. Be tabulates them, 

 after separal ing ihose captured from Pardigon in dept. Var from those 

 taken in other localities, as follows — 



