158 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



p. 18)] . He states that the example figured by South (Ent., xxxvi., 

 p. 249) agrees with ab. persica, Bien., except that the underside of the 

 hindwings are more strongly marked, as is also the bordering of the 

 orange spots towards the base, whilst the discoidal lunule of the fore- 

 wing tends to obsolescence, that of the hindwing being completely 

 absent. He then goes on to say that this forms a transition to 

 the entirely spotless form vacua, which occurs in A. coridon, and 

 that, since the discoidal spots of the forewings have not yet wholly 

 disappeared, the English specimen can only be regarded as a transition 

 to ab. persica, which, in its turn, has not yet arrived at^ab. vacua. In 

 the list of aberrations following, Gillmer does not give vacua, but only 

 transition to ab. vacua (with description of South's transitional form). 



o. ab. icarinus, Scharf., " Scriba's Journ.," p. 216 (1791) ; Meig., " Schmett. 

 Eur.," ii., p. 25, pi. xlviii., figs. 2a, b (1830) ; Hdnrch., " Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.," 

 p. 14 (1851); Bien., "Lep. Ergeb.," p. 29 (1858); • Staud., "Cat.," 1st ed.. p. 5 

 <1861); 2nd ed., p. 12 (1871); Kirby, " Syn. Cat.," p. 865 (1871); Peyerini., 

 "Lep. Als.," 1st ed., p. 9 (1871) ; Curo, "Bull. Soc. Ent. It.," v., p. Ill (1874) ; 

 Dubois, "Lep. Eur.," p. 31 (1874); Weil., "Schmett. Innsbr.," p. 9 (1877); 

 Weym., " Jahresb. Ver. Elb.," p. 55 (1878); Sand, "Lep. Ber. Auv.," p. 6 (1879); 

 Staud., " Hor. Soc. Ent. Boss.," xiv., p. 243 (1879); Kirby, " Eur. Butts.," p. 48 

 {1879); Weil., " Schmett. Tauf.-Thal.," p. 13 (1880) ; Frey, " Lep. Schweiz," p. 

 18 (1880); Peverim., " Lep. Als.," 2nd ed., p. 24 (1880); Lang, " Trans. Ent. Soc. 

 Lond., p. xxxii (1881); "Butts. Eur.," p. 117, pi. xxv., fig. 5 (1884); Schiide, 

 "Ent. Nachr.," x., p. 368 (1885); Kane, " Eur. Butts.," p. 43 (1885); Lampa, 

 " Ent. Tids.," vi., p. 14 (1885); Adkin, " Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc," 1S86, p. 59 

 .(1887); South, "Ent.," xx., p. 75, pi. ii., figs. 4, 5 (1887); Auriv., " Nord. 

 Fjar.," p. 14 (1888); Christoph, " Horn. Mem.," v., p. 7 (1889); Walk., "Trans. 

 Ent. Soc. Lond.," p. 373 (1890); Dale, " Hist. Brit. Butts.," p. 71 (1890); Warb., 

 "Ent. Rec," i., p. 329(1891); Adkin, "Proc, Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc," 1890-1, 

 pp. 126, 170 (1892); Brom., " Butts. Riv.," p. 37 (1892); Kroul., " Soc. Ent.," vii., 

 p. 172(1893); Reut.. "Act. F. F. Fenn.," p. 13 (1893); Riihl, "Pal. Gross- 

 Schmett.," i., pp. 268, 761 (1893-5); Newnh., "Ent. Rec," v., p. 12 (1894); Tutt, 

 "Brit. Butts.," p. 175 (1896); "Ent. Rec," viii., p. 255 (1896); Kirby, " Hndbk.," 

 etc., p. 96 (1896); Mosley, " Nat. Journ.," vi., p. 9 (1896); Tutt, "Ent. Rec," 

 ix., p. 80 (1897); Kane, "Ent.," xxvi., p. 242 (1899); Favre, "Lep. Yal.," p. 19 

 (1899); Staud., " Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 85 (1901); Fleck, " Macr.-Lep. Ruman.," p. 21 

 (1901); Lamb., " Pap. Belg.," p. 38 (1902); Wheeler, " Butts. Switz.," p. 36 (1903); 

 Tutt, " Ent. Rec," xv., p. 289 (1903); Kroul., "Rev. Russ. Ent.," hi., p. Ill (1903); 

 Courv., "Mitt. Schw. Ent. Gesell.," xi., p. 24 (1903); Gillm., "Ent. Zeits. Gub.," 

 xviii., p. 3 (1904); Siepi, "Lep. Bouches du Rhone," p. 39 (1904); Verity, "Bull. Soc 

 Ent. ItaL," xxxvi., p. 138 (1904); Harr., " Ent. Rec," xviii., p. 247 (1906); Lamb., 

 " Cat. Lep. Belg.," p. 425 (1907); Verity, "Bull. Soc. Ent. ItaL," xxxviii.. u. 28 

 (1907); Grosv., "Proc Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc," 1907, p. 93(1908); Grund, "Int. Ent. 

 Zeits. Gub.," ii., p. 79 (1908); Gillm., op. cit., p. 178 (1908); Trautm., op. cit., p. 

 162 (1908) ; Bell, "Ent. Rec," xxi., p. 227 (1909) ; Reuss, op. cit., p. 236 (1909); 

 Rebel, " Berge's Schmett.," 9th ed., p. 70 (1909) ; Fritsch, " Berl. Ent. Zeits.," 

 liv., p. 234 (1910); Gillm., " Int. Ent. Zeits. Gub.," iv., p. 4 (1910). ? Alc.ris var. 

 1, Scop., " Ent. Cam.," p. 179 (1763). 'Medon, lisp., " Schmett. Eur.," i.. p. 330, 

 pi. xxxii. (cont. viii.), fig. 1 (1777). Icarus var., Esp.. " Schmett. Eur.," i., pt. 2, 

 p. 29, pi. Iv. (cont. v.), fig. 5 (1778). Alexis var. [3, Stphs., " Illus. Brit. Ent.," i., 

 p. 92 (1828). Escheri, Evers., "Faun. Volg.-Ural.," p. 52 (1844). Alexis ab., 

 Ochs., "Schmett. Sachs.," p. 330 (1805); H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," i., p. 120, pi. 

 lii., fig. 246 (1842); vi. (app. to vol. i.), p. 26 (1853). Alexius, Fit., " Neu. Beitr.," 

 vii., p. 133, pi. (176, tigs. 1-2 (1858); Bell, de la Chav., "Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.," ser. 

 3, vi., p. 308 (185S). Thersites, Bdv., " Gen. et Ind.," p. 11 (1810); Dup., "Cat. 

 L<'p. Fr.," p. 32 (1844); Gerh., " Mon. Schmett.," p. 15, pi. xxviii., figs. 2a-c 

 (1853); Men., "Cat. Mus. Petr.," p. 57 (1855). Theristes, Staud., "Cat.," 1st 

 ed., p. 5 (!*«'>1). Icarus ab., Nolck., "Lep. Fn. Estl.," p. 56 (1S68).— Esper's' 

 fi^. 5, on pi. Iv., must be separated from icarus as a distinct species; it lacks the 

 two ocellated spots at the base beyond the discoidal stigma in both sexes. This 

 essential difference has given occasion for its being separated by later observers 



