POLYOMMATUS ICARUS. 163 



the right of the candiope (iphis) form. We have similar specimens 

 from the Dischmathal, August 3rd, 1908, Sertigthal, August 5th, 1908, 

 Saas-Grund, August 8th, 1904, Balen, August 7th, 1904. Poulton also 

 took a specimen of this semicandiope form at Brieg, July 24th, 1898. 



p. ab. crassipuncta, Courv., "Mitt. Schw. Ent. Gesell.," xi., p. 19 (1903); 

 Gillm., " Ent. Zeits. Guben," xviii., p. 1 (1904) ; " Int. Ent. Zeits. Gub.," ii., 

 p. 154 (1908); llebel, " Berge's Sehmett," 9th ed., p. 70 (1910). Icarus ab., 

 Turner, " Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc," 1902, p. 108 (1903).— The spots of the 

 submedian and basal series on the underside of the wings strikingly enlarged 

 (Courvoisier) . 



As a marked aberration this does not seem to be a common form ; 

 the average size of the spots varies considerably in different districts, 

 and hence fairly large-spotted examples may become racial. It 

 occasionally occurs as an aberration among normal examples, e.g., 

 Turner exhibited (Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc, 1902, p. 108) a 2 , taken 

 at Banstead, with the submedian spots much enlarged and intensified, 

 and most of our best British collections contain specimens. 



s. ab. excessa, Gillm., "Int. Ent. Zeits.," ii., p. 178 (1908). [Candaon, 

 Bergstr., "Nom.," iii., p. 3, pi. xlix., figs. 3-4 (1779).] Icarus ab., Courv., "Mitt. 

 Schw. Ent. Gesell.," xi., p. 23, pi. ii., fig. Id (1903); Gillm., "Ent. Zeits. Gub.,'' 

 xviii., p. 1 (1904); Leonh., "Ent. Zeits. Gub.," xviii., p. 53 (1904); Bird, " Ent. 

 Bee," xviii., p. 280 (1906). Addenda, Tutt, "Ent. Rec," xxii., p. 51 (1910). 

 — Supernumerary spots appear between the discoiclal lunule and the arcuate row, 

 or in and close to the latter (Gillmer). 



This form was first figured by Bergstrasser under the name of 

 candaon, which is, however, also characterised as a wide-margined 

 form on the upperside (see antea, p. 137). Gillmer gives no 

 indication of the locality or date of capture of his type, nor does 

 Courvoisier, who says (Mitt. Schiv. Ent. Gesell., xi., p. 23) that it occurs 

 in both $ and £ . Our reference was based on a single specimen with 

 a small extra ocellus between the discoidal and the 2nd spot of the 

 submedian series ; Bird notes also a ? taken August 21st, 1906, with 

 an extra ocellated spot on the left forewing between the discal spot and 

 the top one of the submedian series. Bergstrasser's figure of candaon 

 (Nom., iii., pi. xlix., figs. 3, 4) again gives only a single spot. In the 

 British Museum coll. is a £ with an extra spot on the left wing just 

 below the discoidal ; it has also the lower basal spot elongated, and an 

 extra spot just below it. There does not appear to be another example 

 in the whole of the British Museum coll., and we possess no other than 

 the one mentioned, although we have had almost 1000 specimens 

 under observation. Leonhardt describes (Ent. Zeits. Gub., xviii., p. 53) 

 a $ , with the submedian spot between nervures II 4 and II 5 of the 

 underside of the fore wings elongated towards the discoidal, whilst 

 between the last and the curved row there are, on each wing, two extra 

 white-bordered dots ; the specimen was taken near Hiiningen (Upper 

 Alsace), June 5th, 1903. Blachier writes (in litt.) : " Extra spots 

 are pretty frequent on the underside of the forewings, rarer on the 

 hindwings ; usually placed between the discoidal and the 3rd and 4th 

 submedian ; one $ icarinus has 2 supernumerary points, one just within 

 point 1 and another just within 2, in the submedian series on the two 

 forewings; a ? has two extra ocellated spots between the wing-base and 

 the 1st basal point on the two forewings ; a $ of the crassipuncta form, in 

 addition to showing the semiarcuata characters, has also the upper 

 basal point prolonged into a streak that just falls short of the discoidal, 



