POLYOMMATUS ICARUS. 213 



the valley of the Ister, on rough, dry slopes on the southern side of 

 the Vitoch, a long fiat-topped mass of granite clothed with wood; also 

 in a splendid butterfly-corner in the Rilska valley, on broken ground 

 overgrown with flowering weeds, and intersected by a little stream. 

 She also records it as occurring in Syria, at Brummana, about 

 ten miles east of Beyrout, 2500 feet above the sea, from which 

 it is not more than four miles distant; also on the rough, half- 

 cultivated ground among terraced fields on the slopes of the Djebel 

 Sunnin. Graves found it in the fields at Jaffa, near the Nahr el 

 Awaj, a pretty mill stream that runs into the sea, a few miles north of 

 the town, where it occurs with Rumicia phlaeas, Lampides boeticus, and 

 swarms of Pontia daplidice, etc.; then it appeared on the wooded 

 railway banks at Dumar, the dry banks covered with flowering 

 crucifers, with Thau cerisyi, Anthocharis belemia var. glauce, etc., and 

 in the Barada valley, between Zebedani and Bludan, occurring on the 

 railway banks, which were covered with thistles and various spiky and 

 aromatic plants, with Dryas pandora, Iphiclides podaliri 'us var. viryatus, 

 etc., whilst again it appeared high up on the mountains east of Baalbek, 

 with Plebeius nicholli, Rumicia phlaeas, Powellia orbifer, Melitaea 

 didyma, etc. ; it was most abundant on the slopes leading from Ain 

 Zahalta down to the Wadi Safa stream, and occurs abundantly in all 

 the pinewoods round the village, but only occasionally met with on the 

 high slopes to The Cedars, at the summit of Jebel Barouk (7284 feet), 

 but it was abundant, though worn, in the cedar-hollow at the summit 

 where it occurred with beautiful Cyaniris var. antiochena at 10000ft. ; it 

 was found only sparingly on the Zahleh route where it occurred with 

 Aricia astrarche, Plebeius nicholli, etc., although the localities show a 

 sufficiently varied style of habitat in which the species is to be found 

 in Syria. Grum-Grshirnailo says (Rom. Mem., iv., p. 402) that the 

 conditions under which P. icarus lives in the Pamir, are the same as 

 those in Europe ; flying in fields and resting in the beat by the edges 

 of puddles, etc. It occurs at very different altitudes, in Ferghana it was 

 taken at an elevation of about 1000ft., and on the Beik Col at 4500ft., 

 whilst Saunders took it on the mountains around Chitral at no less an 

 attitude than 10000 ft., as in Syria. 



Times of appearance. — It is difficult to quite fix up the broods of 

 this species in the British Islands. It is probable that in the south of 

 England, the species even in most inclement seasons, has a small 

 partial second brood, in average seasons a rather large partial second 

 brood, and in realty hot seasons, even a small partial third brood, with 

 some examples of both second and third broods going over the winter 

 as larvae. Similarly the broods vary in their time of appearance, the 

 first- brood occurring in May and June (early or late according to the 

 season), the second between the end of July and mid -September 

 (similarly early or late according to season), with a possible partial 

 third brood, when the second is well out at the end of July and the 

 autumn remains favourable. It is exceptionally recorded in southern 

 England both earlier and later than the above-named months, 

 occurring for instance in 1893 in North Devon on April 19th 

 (Hinchcliff) and on April 25th at Southend (Battley), while it is 

 mentioned on October 4th, 1907, in South Devon by Bankes, and in 

 the beginning of October 1909 at Tintern by Bird, when the probability 



