214 



IJRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



of a third brood is implied*. Webb's record (Ent., xxxL, p. 120) of 

 its possible appearance in February 1898 at Dover, may, on the 

 evidence adduced, be safely disregarded. Bowland-Brown gives (in 

 lltt ) the following table, extending over nearly twenty years, of the 

 earliest dates on which the species was observed by him at Pinner 

 (Middlesex), and on the Chiltern Hills, the latter locality being 

 indicated by (C). 





1st brood. 



2nd brood. 



3rd brood. 





1st brood. 



2nd bkood. 



1891.. 



— 



Aug. 11th 

 (toOc.7th) 



— 



1901.. 



April 23rd 



— 



1892.. 



— 



July 29th 



— 



1902.. 



June 21st 



Sept. 6th (C) 



1893.. 



May 6 th 



July 7th 



Sep. 20th 



1903.. 



— 



Aug. 31st (C) 



1894.. 



May 7th 



— 



— 



1904.. 



June 18th (C) 



Aug. 13th (C) 



1895 . . 



June 3rd 



Aug. 15th 



— 



1905.. 



June 3rd (C) 



Aug. 13 th 



1897.. 



June 17th 



— 



— 



1906.. 



June 7th 



Aug. 4th 



1898.. 



June 17th 



Sept. 1st 



— 



1907.. 



June 10th 



Aug. 29th 



1899 . . 



May 21st 



July 30th 



— 



1908.. 



June 6th 



— 



1900.. 



May 19th 



Sept. 8th 



— 



1909.. 



June 16th (C) 



Aug. 21st (C) 



It will be observed that in this case also the only certain third 

 brood occurs in 1893, though the probability of such a brood is 

 indicated by the dates given in 1891 and 1900. Most writers 

 seem to regard this species as being single-brooded in the 

 whole of Scotland, occurring only in June and July, but Cheesman 

 (an excellent observer) notes (Ent. Bee. x., p. 205) that there 

 appear to be two broods even in Orkney, one at the end of May, 

 and the other in July ; Traill also (Ent. iv., p. 197) mentions it 

 as occurring in Orkney from May to September in 1868. It is also 

 recorded from the Isle of Arran in August and September 1892, 

 though very sparingly (Watson), from the County of Roxborough from 

 June to September (Renton), from Caithness at the end of August 

 (Jackson), etc., and it may be concluded that a second brood, even in 

 the extreme north of Scotland, is not so exceptional as is usually 

 supposed. In Ireland again a single brood is generally considered to 

 be the rule; Sandford (Ent. xviii., p. 192), for instance, insists that 

 this is the case in Co. Cork, on the ground that he has searched for it 



June in the same locality in which it was 

 against this, however, must be set the facts that 

 late for the appearance of a single brood, and 

 that Donovan (Ent. xxxiii., p. 143) records the species in June from 

 the same district, though not from the same spot. Kane, again, 

 speaks [Ent. xxvi., p. 241) of two broods in Ireland, remarking that 

 the individuals of the second brood are much smaller than those of 

 the first which occurs in June. In Central Europe it may be 

 generally regarded as regularly double-brooded, a third brood being 

 •exceptional in the northern parts but becoming more and more 

 frequent towards the south. In the extreme north it is only single- 

 brooded, e.g., in Tromso far within the Arctic Circle, whence it was 



in vain in May and 

 abundant in August ; 

 August is incredibly 



* The occurrence of a third brood in 1911 would seem to be indisputable ; not 

 only is the species recorded by Bernhart- Smith at Birchington on October 3rd, but 

 Grosvenor found it on September 14th at Reigate quite worn out, and fresh and 

 abundant in the same locality on September 23rd (Wheeler). 



