216 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



fly in the middle of June, and a fourth, less abundant, appears in the 

 middle of August. The dates given by the same observer for 1901 

 point, so far as they go, towards the same conclusions ; they are as 

 follows : March 20th, one seen ; April 5th, one $ , just out ; May 16th, 

 common ; July 19th and 27th, common, but very worn : he adds 

 that the species was abundant on June 10th, 1903. As Mathew reports 

 the species in Malta as late as October 2nd, this would almost certainly 

 imply a fifth emergence, but of this we have no direct evidence such as 

 is afforded by the different forms recorded by Fletcher in the previous 

 broods. In the Gibraltar district Walker records that this insect is on 

 the wing from February 12th till November, which implies several 

 broods, but we have no evidence of the probable number. It is 

 reported on March 25th from Jerez (Lang), and on April 6th from 

 Barcelona (Sheldon), but on the central Spanish table-land the earliest 

 date we have found is April 23rd, at Granada (Yerbury) ; it is also 

 noted by Lang for the same locality in May and by Mrs. Nicholl on 

 June 23rd and 24th ; Chapman found it at Albarracm on July 28th 

 and in the middle of the same month at Bejar, and these dates, taken 

 in connection with the fact that Lowe reports it as scarce at La Granja 

 from mid-June to mid-July, which was probably between the broods, 

 would seem to indicate that much the same conditions prevail in the 

 high plateau of Central Spain as in the southern part of the British 

 Isles. On the Kiviera it is reported as early as March 17th, 1897 

 (Chapman) and in the same year on April 17th (Mathew) and from 

 April 30th -May 10th (Buckmaster) ; as it is also noted as late as 

 October 2nd (Kowland-Brown), three broods may be regarded as 

 certain, with a strong probability of a fourth, in some years at any 

 rate. Elsewhere in Southern France it is noted as early as 

 March 31st, at Pont du Gard and as late as October 18th at 

 Digne, both in 1892 (Rowland-Brown). With regard to the 

 number of broods in North- West Africa it is impossible, with the 

 information at our disposal, to come to any definite conclusion. 

 There are specimens in the Brit. Mus. coll. from Tangier dated 

 " March 1885," and another labelled " Djinina-Sahara iii. '02 

 (Mrs. Nicholl)" and it is reported at frequent intervals from May 13th 

 to September by Meade- Waldo, Elwes, Gibbs, Oberthur and Miss 

 Fountaine, and as reaching in July to a height of 9000ft. in the Atlas 

 mountains by the former. From the Balkan Peninsula and the 

 neighbouring Greek Islands we have no actual date earlier than May 

 11th at Athens (Brit. Mus. coll.), and May 12th, at Constantinople, 

 though Graves speaks of the latter as being later than usual. He 

 regards it as being double-brooded in that neighbourhood, the second 

 brood flying in August and September; Mathew, however, reports it 

 from Salonika in mid-October. In Asia Minor Staudinger found two 

 broods, the earlier being first seen on May 10th, and becoming 

 abundant soon afterwards, the latter being equally abundant in 

 July; Miss Fountaine also took this species at Broussa, Amasia and 

 Tokat in May, June and July respectively, but in neither case is any 

 evidence afforded whether it also occurs earlier, or later, or both ; 

 Hoi/, however, reports it as occurring everywhere in Cilieia from 

 March to September. A later emergence is probable in the Island of 

 Cyprus, from which it is reported on April 17th (Mathew) and June 

 25th (Fletcher). In Syria it is reported from Brummana, not far 



