238 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



In Spain the variation is considerable. The special form of the 

 Southern mountains, the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra d'Alfakar, 

 named var. montana by Riihl and var. nevadensis by Oberthiir, with its 

 large size, slight orange markings and peculiar pinky-cream under- 

 side, occurs in both broods, but, in the Sierra d'Alfakar at any rate, 

 the var. calida is also found in the second brood. Elsewhere in 

 southern Spain, and as far as Granada, the first brood is generally of 

 the ornata and the second of the calida form. Mrs. Nicholl's speci- 

 mens, taken at 5,000ft. on the Picos de Europa, in June and July, are 

 small and have very little red spotting on the borders of the upperside. 



In Italy several surprises are met with, especially in the islands. 

 The specimens vary greatly both in size and markings. Wheeler 

 remarks (in litt.) on the difference in size of specimens taken on the 

 same day at 4,000ft. in the Abbruzzi, and on the great difference both 

 in this respect and in marking between the $ s and $ s. The former 

 are sometimes more than half as large again as the latter, and even in 

 other localities in the Apennines, where the difference is not so great, 

 the 2 s are generally distinctly smaller ; the J s also have but narrow 

 red lunules on the hindwings, and very little more than traces on the 

 forewings, in localities such as Palena (4,000ft.), where the $ s are 

 often of the calida form, and always well provided with red to the 

 costa of both wings. On the other hand a 2 from Florence, in the 

 Brit. Mus. coll., is of large size but with not more orange-red than is 

 usual in the south of England. Zeller's specimens from Messina, 

 taken July 15th, 1844, are not only very small, but have very narrow 

 orange bands, failing towards the costa; those from Syracuse, May 

 17th, and Catania, June 26th of the same year, are larger but -with no 

 more red in proportion. On the other hand some of the Sicilian 

 specimens are of the most pronounced calida form, and, like some of 

 the $ s from Sardinia, approach very closely to var. cramera. Whilst 

 Corsica is the home of Bellier's ab. calida, it must not be forgotten 

 that he speaks of it not as a local race but as a " variety" of frequent 

 occurrence in the summer brood. 



The most striking form is found in the Canary Islands (var. 

 cramera, Eschh.),and has a broad, generally denticulated, deep orange- 

 red band on all the wings, and a bright red-brown underside, varying 

 in depth of tint. 



In Algeria and Morocco the specimens in the Brit. Mus. coll. and 

 others which we have seen appear to indicate var. ornata (El Kantara, 

 May 8th, Lambessa, May 11th, Constantin, May 15th, 1882) for the first 

 brood and var. calida (Meduna, May 29th, Marrakesh, June 6th, Immen- 

 tella, July 8th, 1901) for the summer brood ; Staudinger, however, says 

 (Iris, v., p. 280) that some of his specimens from these localities 

 "■ hardly differ from the usual form," and are therefore probably to be 

 attributed to the var. gallica. In North-East Africa (Egypt and 

 •Cyrenaica), the species, according to Graves, appears not to occur. 



In Bosnia and Bulgaria the specimens are large and show very 

 little red on the upperside, in some cases only slight traces. With 

 regard to the neighbourhood of Constantinople, Graves writes (in litt.) as 

 follows : — " Specimens takenin spring agree with Oberthur's description 

 of var. (/allica, in having the submarginal spots orange-red on the upper- 

 sideof both wingswellmarked, sometimes, in the male, reaching the costal 



