244 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



caeruleopunctata, Wheel., a species which, like artaxerxes, has lost the 

 black pupils of the eye-spots beneath, and would seem to suggest some 

 affinity between the two species." 



We now proceed to the northern English forms. 



var. salmacis, Stphns., "111. Haust.," hi., p. 235 (1831);f JDbldy., " Syst. 

 List," 1st ed., p. 1 (1850); fHdnr., "Lep. Eur. Cat. Meth.,"p. 14 (1851); Wailes, 

 «« Cat. Lep. Northd. Durh.," p. 23 (1858) ; Speyer, " Geogr. Verb.," p. 235 (1858); 

 Staud., "Cat.," 1st ed., p. 5 (1861)-; Zell., " Ent. Mo. Mag.," iv., p. 77 (18(57); 

 Newm., "Brit. Butts.," p. 126, fig. 3 on p. 123, $ , and fig. on p. 126, ? (1871); 

 Kirby, " Syn. Cat.," p. 364 '1871); Staud., " Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 11 (1871); Kirby, 

 " Eur. Butts.," p. 50 (1879) ; Lang, " Butts. Eur.," p. 115 (1884) ; Kane, " Eur. 

 Butts.," p. 41(1885); Buckl., "Larvae," i., p. 117(1886)'; Dale, "Hist. Brit. Butts.," 

 p. 74 (1890); Barr., " Lep. Brit. Isl.," i„ p. 74, pi. x., fig. Sg (1893); Kiihl, " Pal. 

 Gr.-Schmett.," pp. 261 (1893), 759 (1895); Tutt, " Brit. Butts.," p. 180(1896); 

 Obth., " Et.," xx., p. 25 (1896) ; Kirby, " Hndbk.," ii., p. 100, pi. xlviii., figs. 3-5 

 (1896); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 83 (1901); Spuler, " Schmett. Eur.,' p. 63 

 (1902); Lamb., "Pap. Belg.," p. 229 (1902); Tutt, "Ent. Eec ," xiv., p. 113 

 (1902); Harr. "Ent. Bee," xvii., p. 280 (1905): xviii., p. 236(1906); South, 

 " Brit. Butts.," p. 161, pi. cv., figs. 11, 13, 14 (1906); Beb., " Berges Schmett.," 

 9th ed., p. 68 (1907); Seitz, "Gr.-Schmett.," p. 309 (1909); Obth., "Lep. Comp.," 

 iv., p. 250 (1910). — Alis fusco-nigris, subtus fuscescentibus maculis subocellatis, 

 anticis supra in masculis puncto discoidali atro, in feminis albo, posticis utrinque 

 fascia submarginali rubra. Taken on Castle Eden Dene. G. Wailes (Stephens). 



Stephens' types are in the Brit. Mus. Coll. and do not contradict 

 any part of his description ; the latter, however, seems to imply that 

 on the upperside there is no orange on the forewings. This is not 

 the case ; the $ has slight traces on the lower half of the forewing, 

 and 4 slight orange lunules on the hindwing; the ? well-marked 

 orange lunules on the hindwing, and orange spots on the forewing. 

 On the underside the orange is very pale in the J , but bright in 

 the 2 . 



In view both of the description and the type specimens, however 

 unsatisfactory the diagnosis, Harrison's action (Ent. Bee, xviii., p. 

 236) in " restricting " the name to those of each sex which have the 

 white discoidal on the upperside of the forewings but are otherwise 

 like " astrarche " is quite ultra vires. He also ignores the fact that 

 Stephens in his description specially mentions the underside spots as 

 slight (maculis subocellatis), and we know from Wailes' description that 

 the specimens he took, some of which he sent to Stephens, were 

 remarkable for the diminution in the size of the black pupils, a mark 

 which is very striking in the type-specimens. We must therefore 

 retain the name for those specimens which have small black pupils to 

 the eyespots on the underside, and a black discoidal on the upperside 

 of the forewing in the $ and a white one in the $ . It is true that 

 this leaves us without a namo for the $ with the white discoidal on 

 the upperside, for wliich we now supply the name ab. J simili*, n. ab. 

 It must be supposed that Harrison (as indeed he implies) does not 

 draw any distinction between the undersides with small and those 

 with ordinary-sized pupils to the eye-spots, but only between those 

 that have these pupils and those that have none. It must also be 

 borne in mind that every gradation exists between the southern 



* The two species will be found placed together in my Butts, of Sicitz., etc., 

 the affinities between them appearing to me indubitable, though I was not at the 

 time aware of this confirmation (G.W). 



| For other records see Synonymy of species, under Salmacis, p. 230. 



I As var. of artaxerxes, which is regarded as a species. 



