290 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



cliffs. We have found it in as great abundance on the sandhills at 

 Deal as on the chalk-downs at Kingsdown, St. Margaret's and Folkes- 

 stone ; Brameld reports it from the sandhills of Norfolk and Lincoln- 

 shire ; Barrett records it as common on the sandhills at Pembroke, 

 and Renshaw on sandy ground at Llandudno among thistles, teazles, 

 and low herbage. Whittle reports that it was the butterfly on August 

 3rd, 1896, on the sea-wall on Canvey Island, It is in Durham and 

 Scotland, however, that its coast-loving propensity is most remark- 

 able, particularly in the former. Robson observes that here it "occurs 

 on the coast, extending up the Denes almost as far as they run," while 

 Maddison states that "at Castle Eden it never occurs more than 100 

 yards from the sea, though the Helianthemum grows plentifully at 

 some places inland. 



Abroad its habitats do not differ noticeably from those in Britain, 

 and are at least as varied. Lambillion says that in Belgium it is 

 specially common in the limestone districts, and the same preference 

 for chalk or lime is noted by Rossler in Nassau, by Gillmer on the 

 Veronikaberg in Thuringia, and by Speyer in Waldeck, though in the 

 latter case schizt is also mentioned, and sunny and grassy places 

 specified, whilst its absence from sandy localities is remarked upon. 

 On the other hand, in Mecklenburg sandy ground is stated by Schmidt 

 to be preferred, especially the sand-dunes of the coast on the peninsula 

 of Wustrow. Elsewhere in Germany artificial embankments are 

 frequently mentioned as favourite spots of this insect, e.g., those of 

 the fortifications at Danzig (Rastenburg), and of the Fort Prussia in 

 Pommerania (Schulz), and the railway banks at Waren (Busack), and 

 across the Mosigkauer Haide (Amelang) ; a somewhat similar locality 

 is the sloping bank of the river Elde between Parchim and Moderitz 

 which is mentioned by Gillmer, whilst Dadd took it in the Oythal "on 

 a fine sunny bank, alive with butterflies, at the junction of the Oy and 

 the Trittach." The latter entomologist also mentions woods at 

 Spandau, near Berlin, as a locality for this species, and similar spots 

 are mentioned by many German writers especially clearings or meadows 

 situated in woods. Thus Stange gives dry sunny pastures and wood- 

 clearings at Friedland ; Dickore, wood-clearings at Giessen ; Glaser, 

 grassy flowery dykes and sunny clearings near Worms; Fischer, wood- 

 clearings at Wernigerode; Kolb, woodland fields at Kempten; Wocke, 

 dry places in woods and the edges of fields in Silesia. Dry places, 

 again, are specially mentioned by Gillmer in the Mosigkauer heath, 

 particularly when these were bordering on meadows. In Pommerania, 

 according to Wocke, the insect is confined to grassy open spots, whilst 

 dry flowery places are designated by Schmidt as its habitatround Wismar. 

 Prideaux took it at Wiesbaden "on rough broken ground," and Becher 

 by the side of the Marienbad road at Carlsbad. In France, except 

 in the Alpine region its habitats are generally much the same as in 

 England, though one or two spots may be mentioned. Obertbur 

 records that although this species is very scarce at Rennes, yet it is by 

 no means uncommon on the grass plots of his garden at Cancale which 

 overlooks the sea ; we ourselves, again, have taken it on the black 

 mud at the side of a small stream at Digne, where it settled with 

 swarms of Ai/riarfes coridon and many examples of Polyommatus icarus 

 and Scolitantides baton. In the Channel Islands Lufi" records it from 



