304 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



generally 5 lobed, the largest being in the centre of the apex. 

 (2) The darker scales of similar size and shape, (b) The underside 

 scales 4-pointed. The $? has the transparent scales predominating, 

 very similar to the $ ; the underside scales 4-pointed. 



Gynandromorphs. — The following are the gynandromorphs which 

 have come under oar notice. 



a. Eight side $ , left 9 ; taken near Amboise. (Riihl, Pal. Gross-Schmett., 

 p. 307, 1893.) 



jS. Right side ? , left $ ; rather a small specimen, taken by Muschamp in 

 1909. Right side : forewing 20mm., hindwing 17Jmm., large spots on forewing, 

 upperside, and black spots on marginal border. Left side : forewing 16mm., hind- 

 wing 13£mm. ; spots on upperside forewing lost in the dark ground colour. 

 Abdomen has $ genital organs but is of ? shape, and has fewer hairs on the 

 right side. Underside of wings not so markedly different, the female side however 

 has one more spot on the fore- and two more on the hindwing. Antennas normal. 

 Wing area of ? about double that of S side (Muschamp). 



y. Right wings <$ , left ? , taken in Cornwall, July 1901, by Bethune-Baker, 

 (see Ent., xxxiv., p. 362). The transverse curved row of spots of the left primary 

 consists of a small spot below vein 7, second spot below vein 6 of fair size, third 

 spot rather larger, fourth larger again, fifth spot, shifted right inwards, nearly as 

 large as the fourth, sixth spot very small and as usual shifted outwards, the differ- 

 ence in the width of the dark borders of the primaries is very slight. In the 

 secondary there are two obscure small spots, in the internervular spaces between veins 

 3 and 4 and 4 and 5 ; the dark border is decidedly wider than in the <? right wing. 

 In the right, i.e., d , primary, the first spot is absent, two, three and four are 

 decidedly smaller than in the left wing, whilst five is an exceedingly small round 

 spot, and the sixth is absent. The spot closing the cell is about the same in each 

 wing. The secondary is spotless and has a narrower dark border than the left, or 

 $ , secondary has. The undersurface is very fully spotted but there is practically 

 no difference in the pattern or size of the spots. Antennae, the left one is finer and 

 slightly longer than the right, the difference in the thickness of the two is visible 

 with the naked eye. Undersurface, the difference in the size of the spots and the 

 pattern is but slight but it is discernable. The number of spots below is the same 

 in each wing. Both the forelegs are ? . The left primary measures barely 20^mm. 

 the right 21mm., in each case the measurement is from the juncture with the 

 thorax but not including the thorax. The secondaries measure 16 and 17mm. 

 respectively for the left and right wings. The difference in the size of the two 

 sides is more apparent to the eye than the measurements indicate, and it would 

 appear that the ? side would have belonged to a smaller insect than the <5 , 

 instead of vice versa as so often happens (Bethune-Baker). 



8. Right side ? , left side <? ; also taken by Bethune-Baker, at Engelberg, on 

 July 6th, 1886. This is a large dull blue specimen with all the spots much 

 reduced. There are three smallish spots on the male side, with merely a black 

 dot between veins 2 and 3, whilst on the female side there are three rather larger 

 spots followed by a small black spot between veins 2 and 3 ; the cell spot is the 

 the same on both sides. The secondaries are both spotless. The wings are 

 slightly smaller on the male side than on the female. The g antenna is certainly 

 finer than the ? antenna. The left fore tarsus is aborted and therefore <$ , whilst 

 the ? side has the tarsus developed as it should be (Bethune-Baker). 



Variation. — The variation in this species is very considerable, 

 although two of the most fruitful sources of difference are absent, viz. s 

 marked colour-dimorphism in the sexes and orange spots on the under- 

 side. So far as the upperside is concerned, the principal forms of 

 variation were noted by Borkhausen (Syst. Beschr., i., p. 168) so long 

 ago as 1788, and though many forms have since been named they 

 might almost all be grouped under his headings. He notes them as 

 follows : — 



(a) The number of the black spots on the fore wings is not always the same. 

 One finds examples with three, four, six and even with eight and nine 

 spots. Also they are not always of the same size. Sometimes they 

 appear as strong dashes, sometimes as commas. 



