EUMORPHA. 59 



that wrinkling has almost entirely prevailed in H. fucifonnis, whilst 

 in the pupa of the hornless P. proserpina pitting is still the domi- 

 nant sculpturing. P. proserpina and H. fucifonnis are not, however, 

 sufficiently close to make this comparison of any cogency. Again, in 

 comparing the pupae of Phryxus (euphorbiae) and Thaumas (vespertilio), 

 one concludes that, though wrinkling has made some advance into the 

 abdominal segments in the former and very little in the latter, this is 

 too far from the region of the horn to justify any conclusions. We see 

 here, however, that T. porcellus and E. elpenor have made a con- 

 siderable advance beyond the Phryxid group in the extension of 

 wrinkling at the expense of pitting, and that the pupa of E. elpenor 

 is still a little behind T. porcellus which has practically completed 

 the process. The Phryxid (euphorbiae) group and the Eumorphid 

 (elpenor) group are then equally specialised in the distinctive 

 Sphingid characters, though T. porcellus has achieved a trifling 

 advance. But the elpenor group has made a special advance in 

 a direction not essentially Sphingid. When we compare these 

 two groups with other Eumorphids, we find them far ahead of 

 the primitive Darapsa (myron, choerilus, &c), but far behind groups 

 that we may typify by \ i) Sesia stellatarum (2) Isoples alecto, (3) 

 Hippotion celerio, (4) Panacra vigil. In all these, the maxillae 

 have much expanded and pushed the labrum to a dorsal position, 

 the " keel " forming a great flange round the front of the head, 

 and in (4) actually forming a tongue-horn. S. stellatarum, H. celerio 

 and Daphnis nerii have a very thin and delicate pupa-skin and very 

 similar coloration, and their structure, except perhaps that of D. nerii, 

 is almost identical. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to escape 

 the belief that they are on three very different lines of development. 

 They are specialised for a short pupal life amongst surface rubbish, 

 and, specialising on Eumorphid lines with little other development 

 (as in E. elpenor) to about the same level, have become very much 

 alike. The pupa of S. stellatarum may always be distinguished by 

 its antero-posterior flattening, which probably holds good for many 

 other Sesiids. Though these groups are thus further advanced 

 by special Sphingid progress, it is probable that they must be 

 regarded as less specialised than the Phryxid, and Eumorphid (sens, 

 strict.) groups by the persistence of pitting as against wrinkling of 

 surface. But this certainly varies much within each group. 



Genus: Eumorpha, Hiibner. 



Synonymy.— Genus : Eumorpha, "Tent.," p. 1 (1806); " Franck Cat.," 

 p. 87 (1825); Tutt, "Brit. Lep.," iii., p. 355 (1902). Sphinx, Linn., " Sys. 

 Nat.," xth ed., p. 491 (1758); xiith ed., p. 801 (1767); "Faun. Suec.," ii., 

 p. 288 (1761); Scop., "Ent. Cam.," p. 186 (1763); Mull., " Zool. Dan. 

 Prod.," p. 116 (1776); Hfn., " Berl. Mag.," ii., p. 180 (1766); Fab., "Sys. 

 Ent.," p. 543 (1775); "Spec. Ins.," ii., p. 148 (1781); "Mant.," ii., p. 97 

 (1787); "Ent. Syst.," iii., pt. 1, p. 372 (1793); [Schiff.,] " Schmett. Wien.," 

 P- 43 0775); IU-'s n. Ausg., p. 17 (1801) ; Esp., "Schmett. Eur.," ii., p. 

 9], pi. ix., rigs. 1—4 (1779); pi- xxvii., rig. 3 (1782); pi. xlv., fig. I (arc. 

 1801); Bergstr., "Sphing. Larv.," p. 10 (1782); Retz., "Gen. et Spec. Ins.," 

 p. 34 (1783); Geoff., " Fourc. Ent. Paris.," ii., p. 254 (1785); Bkh., "Sys. 

 Besch.," ii., pp. 66, 136, 178 (1789); Brahm, "Ins.-Kal.," ii., p. 528 (1791; ; 

 Don., "Brit. Ins.," iv., p. 39, pi. cxxii (1795); Hb., "Eur. Schmett.," fig. 

 61 (1796); "Larv. Lep.," ii., Sph. iii., Legit., B b, fig. 2 a — b (circ. 1800); 

 text p. 96 (circ. 1805); Schrank, "Faun. Boica," ii., V- p. 227 (1801); Haw., 

 "Lep. Brit.," i., p. 62 (1803); Latr., "Hist. Nat.," xiv.pp. 131 (1805); Ochs., 



