EUMORPPA ELPENOR. 65 



but without any remarks as to its abundance or time of appearance. 

 Leech says (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 584) : — " Except that 

 some examples are more rosy than the type, the specimens from Oiwake, 

 in Pryer's collection, and others I took at Shimonoseki and Gensan 

 in July, are not separable from C. elpeiior. Localities : Oiwake 

 (Pryer) ; Shimonoseki, Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Hako- 

 date (Fletcher)." On July 8th, 1897, when we were at Gensan, I had 

 a specimen of this species brought to me ; it had been attracted 

 to light on board. On September 13th, 1897, I found at Endermo 

 (or Mororan), near Hakodate, a larva, which soon pupated and I 

 bred a fine imago therefrom. On May 8th, 1899, whilst at Chifu, I 

 had another good specimen of this species brought to me, which seems 

 a little darker than my Korean and Japanese examples (Fletcher). 

 Hampson notes (Ind. Moths, p. 85) that "typical elpenor (= lewisii) 

 from Europe, Japan and northwest India is smaller, with the pink 

 on the hindwing and underside rather less developed ; whilst in the 

 form fraterna from the Western Himalayas, the colour is rather 

 duller and the pink on the underside more evenly disposed over 

 the disk of both wings than in the eastern form, macromera." 



j3. var. (an sp. dist.) rivularis, Bdv., " Hist. Nat. Insectes,"i., p. 280 (1875). — 

 Although the larva of this species, after Shervill's drawing, is marbled with brown and 

 whitish, we only doubtfully separate it from elpenor, of which it is probably only an 

 Indian variety. At first sight it differs from elpenor in that all the rosy parts are of 

 an obscure rosy-violet, the second oblique band of the forewings is terminated on the 

 costal edge before the apical point, the stigmata more marked, the antennae are not 

 rose-coloured, and, lastly, that the corselet is almost entirely olive, marked slightly 

 with rose ; otherwise, it has the same characters as elpenor. Simla, Darjeeling 

 (reared by Mr. Shervill) ; several in the B. M. collection (Boisduval). 



Butler's two Indian Eumorphids — -frater?ia and niacromera — are 

 by some authors, e.g., Bartel, supposed to be merely the two sexes 

 of the same Indian form, but this is not so, as both sexes occur 

 in each of the two forms. As a matter of fact, fraterna, Btl., is 

 identical with rivularis, Bdv., and rivularis (=fratema) may be 

 looked upon as a dark-coloured variety or local race of E. elpe?wr, whilst 

 macromera would seem to be merely a paler aberration of the Indian 

 race, and approaches more nearly typical E. elpenor, with character- 

 istics as given by Butler, both forms agreeing in having more 

 elongated and pointed hindwings than E. elpenor. But typical 

 E. elpenor also occurs in India, for there is such a speci- 

 men labelled " Shillong " in the British Museum collection. 

 There is, indeed, much to be said in favour of considering 

 rivularis a distinct species, e.g., it is remarkable in its neuration, 

 has nervures 6 and 7 of the hindwings more often than not stalked, 

 and possibly has other marked characters (Kaye). On the other 

 hand, other authors have considered the two forms as distinct varieties 

 of E. elpenor, so that, for the use of students, we append Butler's 

 original descriptions : 



1. ?nacro?nera, Butl., " Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.," 1875, P- 7-— Nearly allied 

 to C. elpenor, but much larger ; the primaries duller in colour, with the outer margin 

 more broadly rosy lilacine ; secondaries with more than half the wing rosy ; body 

 with the dorsal rosy line less defined ; wings below with the costal ochraceous border 

 duller, much narrower, only clearly represented towards base ; transverse band 

 converted into two narrow " parallel lines. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines, 

 Silhet (Macgillivray), North India (Stevens). Type— B. M. coll. [Noted by Mr. 

 Walker as a variety of C. elpenor. I am satisfied, however (from the fact that the 



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