EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 77 



is only a greyish- or smoky-green when it is examined closely ; 

 the general effect, however, is to give it an earthy look at a little 

 distance ; both have the darker tessellated shading, but in T. 

 porcellus there are no velvety-black subdorsal patches, nor is the 

 dark shading round the ocellated spots so intensely black as in 

 E. elpenor. Spiracles-. The spiracles of T. porcellus are pure white, 

 those of E. elpenor have a dusky band across the centre. Ocellated 

 spots: The ocellated spots are quite different; those of E. elpenor 

 consist of a rounded lunule, or a bent and round-ended oblong 

 of purple-tinted white, deepening at centre and back to greenish- 

 sepia, the whole giving a blue effect, the spot being situated at 

 the upper edge of a large, roughly circular, velvety-black spot. 

 Those of T. porcellus are less striking ; the area of the black is 

 greatly reduced by the central spot being broadened into a rounded 

 trapezoid of pearly-white, having, in its centre, a broad oval of 

 dull pink that shades off centrally into a narrow oval of dull 

 smoky-yellow. As ocellated spots, those of T. porcellus are possibly 

 the more correctly developed in plan and shading, but their dul- 

 ness probably renders them less effective in their startling appearance 

 than the more vivid ones of E. elpenor. Structural dijfere?ices : 

 There seems little, if any, difference beyond the fact that there is a 

 tolerably well-developed caudal horn in E. elpenor, which is absent 

 in T. .porcellus, although, curiously, the white tip to the horn of 

 the former finds its analogue in a white spot at the apex of the 

 low elevation that replaces the horn in T. porcellus. The larva 

 of T. porcellus tapers rather more towards the anal end, as though 

 the 8th abdominal segment had dwindled slightly with the de- 

 generation of the horn. In both species the abdominal subsegments 

 appear to be 6 in number, the ist being equal to the 3 or even 

 4 following ones in size. (This would make 8 subsegments to each 

 segment were the ist counted as 3, as is possibly structurally the 

 case.) Habit: Both larvae have a similar slow but jerky method 

 of moving and crawling. (Bacot. July 28th, 1901). 



Cocoon.— The larva spins a very slight cocoon among the rubbish 

 below the foodplant (Ransom) ; the puparium is very loosely spun, 

 composed of leaves and silk (Watkins) ; makes a slight cocoon under 

 moss, grass or moss being interwoven with the silk (Lambillion) ; 

 spins an open irregular but strong network of dirty-whitish silk on 

 the surface of the soil, fastening in pieces of earth, dry leaves, 

 &c. (Hellins). Perkins notes (Ent. Wk. Int., 1859, p. 3) finding 

 puparia beneath pinks in a garden at Wotton-under-Edge, larva? 

 having been found on fuchsias in the same border the previous 

 summer. 



Pupa. — This form is characteristically Eumorphid, fairly cylin- 

 drical, i.e., not specially flattened; labrum anterior, a distinct keel to 

 anterior 6mm. of maxilla, convexity of eye directed a few degrees 

 ventrally of directly forward. Thickest part 4th and 5th abdominal 

 segments, thinning forwards and with some little flattening in front 

 about end of ist legs and antennae (made more conspicuous by the 

 maxillary keeling). The detailed dimensions of an apparently 

 average specimen (?) are : — 



