EUMORPHA ELPENOR. 79 



beset with minute spicules, the true spiracle is at some distance 

 within this. The anal spine is very large and formidable, its base 

 occupies the whole dorsal half of the ioth abdominal segment, 

 nearly 3*5mm. broad and over romm, thick, seen from above it is 

 triangular, but not quite regularly; for the first i^mm, the sides 

 approach each other slightly, then, curving in, proceed to a point : 

 the length is 3'omm., really it is more, as when seen sideways, the 

 dorsum is seen to be longitudinal for 2'omm. and then to bend 

 down at an angle of 120 or thereabouts for 2 "5mm., whilst the 

 venter is regularly curved ; it ends in a very fine polished point, 

 the extremity of which is, however, minutely bifid ; beneath, it 

 has a central ridge and two side hollows, and there is a deep 

 grooved recess between its base and the anal eminences ; it is 

 black and covered with closely-set rather deep pits, the ridges between 

 which preserve much of the character of wrinkling. The subsegmenta- 

 tion is obscure, except on dorsum of the 2nd and 3rd abdominal 

 segments, where there is a broader anterior subsegment, and 4 narrower 

 subsegments behind it ; traces of these may be seen on the other 

 segments. Behind, and ventral to the spiracles in abdominal segments 

 5 and 6, may be seen, halfway between the spines and the posterior 

 margin of the segment, the broader wrinkle, as of a wave flowing 

 from the front backwards, since the level is lower behind it than 

 in front, which marks off the intersegmental subsegment, which 

 is not otherwise very obvious. The scars of prolegs may be quite 

 absent, or may be darker (more chitinised), projecting, smooth, 

 and altering the lines of wrinkling. The normal arrangement 

 seems to be a little extra dark pigment, with a slight elevation 

 and hollow behind it, but no interference with the transverse lines 

 of the wrinkling. The horn scar is equally variable. In one specimen, 

 a little extra pigment is all that denotes it, in another it is a 

 little raised polished circle of darker (more chitinised) colour, 

 surrounded by a ring of minute pits, with the fine wrinkling 

 radiating from it into the general surface, but actually domi- 

 nating the lines on the whole dorsum of the segment. There is 

 also a very definite hollow behind the raised spot. The general 

 sculpture or wrinkling is exceedingly difficult to describe in all 

 these pupae. I am not sure that the attempt is not hopeless. It 

 affords definite differences between many different species of 

 these pupae, and yet description will hardly show anything that 

 is not common to many of them. It is, perhaps, hardly mere 

 sculpturing that the middle ventral line of abdominal segments 

 5 and 6 shows in most specimens as a longitudinal dark mark, which, 

 in some specimens, has a depressed groove added. The prothorax 

 appears to have a median suture which sometimes is and some- 

 times is not functional on dehiscence; there is none in mesothorax. 

 The head is tuberculated, rather than wrinkled, and there is almost 

 a definite pattern within the circle of the glazed eye ; the antennae 

 have a central line and transverse impressions on either side 

 (marking segments). The segments are separated by a fine double 

 line, and there is indicated a line across each segment, the true 

 wrinkling is extremely minute and secondary to these. The ridge 

 of the maxillae has a depressed line separating its two sides, and 

 has various irregular wrinklings, on the whole transverse. The 



