130 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



emerged from pupa (Tearle), on a potting-shed at Hassock's Gate 

 (Hanbury), a dead one taken out of a spider's web near Maxwelltown 

 (Service). Green reports ( E. M. M., xxxvii., p. 90) that he found the 

 imago to make a squeaking noise much like the well-known note 

 of Manduca, at Dryalalawa in Ceylon. 



Time of appearance. — In Britain, the species appears irregularly 

 from late August to November.* Almost continuously-brooded in 

 tropical countries f. April, mid-June, September-October in western 

 India (Newnham) ; May and September in some years common in Tus- 

 cany (teste Bartel), in May at Tangier (Meade-Waldo), in September in 

 Switzerland (Frey), September and October after a pupal period of 14 

 days, in the south also (after hybernation as pupaj) in May and June, 

 the winter temperature of the north being too low for the development of 

 the hybernating pupae (Bartel); in commencement of July and end of 

 September throughout Europe (Boisduval), extremely rare in May-June 

 and in September at Budapest (teste Bartel), June-July and September- 

 October in the Netherlands (Snellen), in May at Meshed, in September 

 at Goolhek (Young), in May near Jerusalem, &c. (Swinton), June and 

 October in the Haute-Garonne (Caradja), June and September in the 

 Dept. du Nord (Paux), in July at Ateca (Zapater), in July in Trans- 

 caucasia (Romanoff), August-October in the Loire-Inferieure (Bonjour), 

 November in 1852 (at a temperature of n°C.) at Wiesbaden 

 (Bartel), September to December 'from August larvae) in Bilbao 

 district (Bell), in Teneriffe, eggs in April, 1893 (often not 

 till June), larvae continuously from June until August, pupal state 

 four weeks, imagines from September (White), September and October 

 in the dept. Gironde (Trimoulet), imagines September to November 

 in Spain (Cuni y Martorell), September in the Canary Islands 

 (teste Bartel), August-September and October-November at Gibraltar 

 (Walker), September and October (spring) at Southport in Queensland 

 (Ash), also from April -July (the winter months) continuously 

 at Townsville, in Queensland (Dodd), September in Alsace 

 (Peyerimhoff), September and October singly in Baden (Reutti), 

 mid-October on the east African coast at Parumbira {teste 

 Bartel), abundant in 1885 in Brittany at end of summer ; 

 also very abundant throughout France in September, 1886, three 

 taken at Rheims, imagines in August, larvae in October at Cannes 

 (Oberthiir). The following actual dates of capture have accumulated 

 — September 27th, 1S65, September 21st, 1866, August 27th, 1867, 

 September 13th, 23rd, 29th (two N , 1868, September 15th, 1869 at 

 Breda (Heylaerts), December 24th-2 9th, 1881, a long the estuary 



* We have carefully considered the records of appearances earlier in the year, 

 and should want much more evidence of a reliable character to establish its appear- 

 ance in Britain as carl)- as May in this country. 



f Boisduval notes (Hist. Nat., p. 239) that the species cannot be looked upon as 

 indigenous in Europe, and cannot maintain itself here. It arrives from Africa and 

 the East in warm summers, but the progeny is exterminated in the early winter ; on 

 the other hand, in India, and Africa it is continuously-brooded. 



I There is no evidence of the successful hybernation of pupae of this species 

 in Europe (or elsewhere) whatever. The pupal stage appears rarely to last more 

 than three weeks. The older authors often state that it hybernates as pupa, evidently 

 owing to their tropical captures having been made in May and lime, and modern 

 authors have copied from them. Examination of the dates at disposal does not 

 support an appearance of this species in May in Europe, except in the south, or 

 otheiwise a veiy occasional specimen further north. 



