PHRYXUS L1V0RN1CA. 147 



making the labrum dorsal ; the anal spike is comparatively slender 

 and short. All these are rather Hippotionid than Phryxid characters. 

 As a character of its own it has the rough prespiracular area of 

 5, 6 and 7 much more extended than in any other Phryxid, or 

 indeed any other Sphingid, pupa I know. The texture is Phryxid, 

 but its sculpturing is more pitting than in other Phryxids, which one 

 would hardly expect, since it appears to be in pupal development 

 the most advanced of them (Chapman). 



The following is our own general diagnosis of the genus (as 

 restricted to livomica and lineata) : 



Imago : Head large, prominent, projecting ; forewings long, pointed, with 

 an oblique streak running from apex to close to base ; nervures clear]}' marked by 

 light scales ; abdomen very tapering ; front tibia with very strong spines and some 

 weaker ones. Pupa : Labrum anterior ; keel well-developed ; sculpture largely 

 pitting. Larva : Of typical Phryxid outline, with a single row of open or closed 

 ring-spots on the subdorsal line. 



It is a most restricted genus, with only two species, livornica 

 and lineata, but these have an almost world-wide distribution, the 

 former occurring almost throughout the whole of the Old World, 

 including Australia, and the latter, a great part of the New World, 

 including the Pacific Islands. 



Phryxus livornica, Esper. 



Synonymy. — Species : Livornica, Esp., " Schmett. Eur.," ii., p. 196, pi. xlvi., 

 figs. 3-7 (1779); Hb., "Eur. Schmett.," pi. xii., fig. 65, pi. xxiii., fig. 112 (1796); 

 text p. QO (circ. 1805); "Larv. Sphing.," iii., Legit., B, c.f., 1 a-c {circ. 1800); 

 "Verz.," p. 137 (1822); "Franck Cat," p. 87 (1825) ; Stphs., "Cat. Br. Ins.," ii., 

 p. 32 (1829); "Ill.Haust.,"iv.,app. p. 5 (1835); "List Br. An. Br. Mus.," p. 28 (1850) ; 

 Wood, "Ind. Ent.," p 16 (1839); Humph, and Westd., "Brit. Moths," i., p. 19 

 (1841); Walk., "List," p. 164(1856); Sta., "Man.," i., p. 94 (1857); Humph., 

 "Gen. Brit. Moths," p. 10, pi. ii., fig. 5 (i860); Staud., "Cat.," ed. 1, p. 16 

 (1861); ed. 2, p. 37 (1871) ; Berce, "Faun. Franc.," ii., p. 22 (1868) ; Newm., 

 "Brit. Moths," p. 9 (1869); Mill., "Cat. Lep. Alp.-Mar.," p. 118 (1872); Curd, 

 " Bull. Soc. Ent. ItaL," vii., p. in (1875) '■> Butl., "Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.," ix., 

 pt. 10, p. 568 (1876); Kirby, "Eur. Butts, and Moths," p. 71 (1879); "Cat.," 

 p. 664 (1892) ; "Handbook," &c, iv., p. 27 (1897) ; Weism., " Studies Theory 

 Descent," transl. p. 201 (1882); Buck!., " Larva?," &c, ii., p. 42, pi. xxv., fig. 1 

 (1887) : Mina-Pal., "Nat. Sicil.," vii., p. 134 (1888); Auriv., "Nord. Fjar.," p. 46 

 (1889); Hofin., "Raup. Schmett. Eur.," p. 29, pi. vii., fig. 8 (1893) »' Schmett. Eur,." 

 p. 30, pi. xvii., fig. 18 (1894) ; Barr., "Lep. Brit.," ii., p. 46, pi. 1(1895); Tutt > "Brit. 

 Moths," p. 27 (1896); Hamps., " Ind. Moths," i., p. 97 (1892); Leech, "Trans. 

 Ent. Soc. Lond.," p. 285 (1898); Bartel, " Pal. Gross- Schmett., " ii., p. 98 (1900). 

 Celerio var., Esp., "Schmett. Eur.," p. 87, pi. viii., fig. 4 (1779). Koechlini, 

 Fuess., "Archiv," i., pi. iv., figs. 1-4 (1781); vi., p. 15, pi. xxxiii., figs. 1-5 

 (1785); Bork., "Sys. Besch.," ii., pp. 83, 141, 179 (1789); Schrk., "Faun. 

 Boica," ii., 1, p. 225 (1801). Koechliniana, Bergstr., "Sphing. Larv.," p. 8 (1782). 

 Lineata, Rossi {nee Fab.), "Faun. Etr.," ii., pp. 14, no. 359 (1794); Panz., 

 "Faun. Ins. Germ.," ii., p. 21, no. 14 (1794); Don., "Brit. Ins.," vi.. p. 59, 

 pi. cciv (1796); Haw., " Lep. Brit., i., p. 60 (1803); Latr., "Hist.' Nat.," 

 xiv., p. 132 (1805); Shaw and Nodder, " Viv. Nat.," xvii., pi. 724 (1806); Ochs., 

 "Die Schmett.," ii., p. 214 (1808); iv., pp. 42, 43 (1816) ; Leach, " Edin. 

 Encycl.," ix., p. 130 (1815); Sam., "Ent. Comp.," p. 243 (1819); Godt., "Hist. 

 Nat.," iii., p. 40, pi. xviii., fig. 1 (1822); Stphs., "111. Haust.," i., p. 126, pi. 

 xii.. fig. 1 (1828); Bdv., "Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.," p. 33 (1829); "Gen. et Ind. 

 Meth.," pi. v., figs. 3-4 (1840); "Hist. Nat. Sphing.," p. 172 (1875); Meig., 

 "Eur. Schmett.," ii., p. 136 (1830); Bdv. Rbr. et Crash, "Sphing.," pi. v., 

 figs. 3-4, p. 111 (1832); Tr.. "Die Schmett.," x., I. p. 129(1834); Dup., "Hist. 

 Nat.," supp. ii., p. 159 (1835); "Cat. Meth.," p. 42 (18441; Dune. "Brit. 

 Moths," p. 152 (1836); Evers., "Faun. Volg.-Ural.," p. in (1844); H.-Sch., 

 "Sys. Bearb.," ii., p. 86 (1846); Dbldy., "List Brit. Lep.," p. 3 (1847); 

 Heydrch., "Lep. Eur, Cat. Meth.," ed. 3", p, 19 (1851) ; Speyer, " Geog. Verb. 



