156 



BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



to be an older form than our P. livomica (Weismann, Studies in 

 the Theory of Descent, pp. 215-217). 



Cocoon. — The cocoon is made on the surface of the earth, 

 slight, formed of a few bits of earth and withered fuchsia flowers 

 just tacked together with a few silken threads, many interstices 

 being left through which the pupa can be seen (Buckler). The 

 transformation takes place among spun-together leaves, scarcely below 

 ground (Bartel). The puparium of one that spun up in the leaves 

 at the bottom of a box on July 27th, 1870, was made of so fragile 

 a web that the larva rolled out before finally changing to a pupa 

 on the 30th • another spun up under some moss in the breeding-cage 

 (Farn). 



Pupa. — The pupa belongs much more to the " alec to group" 

 than to the " ettphorbiae group." Viewed dorsally it narrows for- 

 wards from the middle of the prothorax, and viewed laterally 

 it is seen that the maxillae extend not only round to the front of 

 the pupa, as in Hyles euphorbiae, but right away dorsally, so that the 

 labrum is situated dorsally 2*6mm. further back than the extreme 

 front of the pupa, which is formed by the maxillae. The centre of 

 curvature of the glazed eye is directed halfway between anteriorly 

 and dorsally, i.e., it is rotated 135 from the ventral aspect it has 

 in most pupae. In this pupa, the impression that the anterior pro- 

 jection formed by the maxillae conveys of being a very similar structure 

 to the beak of a Chinese lantern fly (Fulgora lanternaria) is especially 

 given, as it is, to a great degree, in many similar Eumorphid (Chcero- 

 campid) pupae. This pupa is 49mm. long, with the Chcerocampid 

 curve well marked. The dorsal line is prominent at the meso- 

 thorax and 5th abdominal, the ventral at 3rd to 4th abdominal, 

 and the tapering at extremities is more marked dorsally than 

 ventrally. The pupa is, except at the head, somewhat flattened, 

 that is, its transverse diameter is always greater than its antero- 

 posterior. This, together with the general outline of the pupa, may 

 be derived from the following measurements : 



MEASUREMENTS AT 



Labium, all in front of this is maxillae 

 Origin of antenna and posterior angle of glazed 



eye 

 Front of prothorax 

 Prominence of end of 1st tibia 

 Prominence of mesothorax 

 End of 1st leg 

 End of antenna 



Prominence of appendages ventrally. . 

 End of 2nd leg 



Prominence of 4th abdominal segment 

 End of maxillae and wing 

 Prominence of 5th abdominal segment 

 7th abdominal segment 

 Base of anal spike 

 End of pupa 



DISTANCE 



FROM FRONT 



OF 



PUPA AT 



TRANSVERSE 

 DIAMETER AT 



(32-5 



3-Ollim. 



7-0 



8-o 



io-o 



12-0 



18-0 



20-0 



24-0 



28-0 



30-0 



i,33-o 



35'° 



41-0 



47-0 

 49-0 



4'omra. 



5"5 » 

 6-6 „ 



9'2 ,, 

 io-o „ 



120 ,, 



I2'0 ., 



II-O ,, 



9-o „ 



2-0 ,, 



ANTERO- 

 POSTERIOR 

 DIAMETER AT 



6-0111111. 



7*5 ,' 

 8'0 „ 



9'0 ,, 



105 ,, 



io-o ,, 



9-o „ 



7'0 „ 



The prominence of the maxillae has rough transverse ridges, 



