CELERIO GALLII. 189 



The peculiar character of the sculpturing in front of the spiracle of 

 abdominal segment 5 is usually repeated in C. gallii in 6 and even 

 in 7. In C. gallii there is often a definite little spine at the 

 mandibular angle of cheek, and the anal spine is rough almost 

 to the tip. C. gallii also has usually some antero-posterior flattening. 

 It may be a smoother, but is often a rougher, pupa than that of 

 H. euphorbiae. All these characters vary very much so that a 

 mixture of pupae is difficult to separate again. The only one, so 

 far as my observation goes, that can be relied on, is the presence 

 in C. gallii of the same prespiracular sculpturing on abdominal seg- 

 ment 6, as on 5. The colouring varies similarly, but the pupa of C. 

 gallii has a ruddy tint, rarely seen in that of H. euphorbiae (Chapman). 

 Length ifin., including the short, curved horn or anal spike, and 

 moderately stout ; the head rounded and narrower than the thorax, 

 the anal extremity a little tapered, but otherwise tolerably uniform in 

 bulk ; the wing-cases were close to the body, and extended as far as 

 the fourth abdominal segment ; the last five segments were rather 

 deeply cut and flexible, the sides of the incisions smooth, all the 

 other surface granulous. Ground colour deep red, much suffused or 

 sprinkled with black, especially on the wing-, antenna- and trunk- 

 cases, also on the back of the thorax ; this last had, however, a 

 dorsal line, and the pieces of the thorax were outlined with the 

 ground colour ; the antenna-cases and the ends of the wing-cases 

 were relieved by a fine marginal streak of flesh-colour ; the smooth 

 sides ot the abdominal incisions were deep and rather purplish-red ; 

 the spiracles blackish-brown (Buckler, October 12th, 1870). 



Foodplants. — Galium verum flowers, unripe seeds and leaves 

 (Buckler), Galium mollugo (Schmidt), Galium saxatile, prefers scrubby 

 plants (larvae refused Galium palustre and G. aparine, and some 

 Scotch larvae refused G. mollugo) (Syme), Fuchsia (Sich), Clarkia 

 (Barnes), Rubia tinctorum, Epilobium palustre, E. hirsutum (Berce), 

 Epilobium angustifolium (Collins), Galium sylvaticum, Epilobium 

 palustre, Impatiens noli-me-tange7'e, Asperula, Tithymalus, Escallonia 

 (Bartel), Vitis vinifera (Chaumette). Bartel says : " Lives on 

 Epilobium angustifolium in Labrador ; the larvae living on Tithymalus 

 are mostly olive-green." Constant, Peyerimhoff and Macker also 

 note C. gallii larvae as feeding on Euphorbia (= Tithymalus). 



Parasites. — Trogus exaltatorius, Panz. (Bloomfield), Amblyteles 

 proteus, Christ (Bloomfield). In the Lena district the larvae were in abund 

 ance but mostly stung (Herz). Tugwell notes that not one of the many 

 larvae he obtained in 1888 was attacked by any parasite. In Z00L, p. 

 6031, is an account of the destruction of ichneumon eggs on a larva, 

 taken October, 1857, at Deal. The eggs were whitish in colour, 

 attached to the skin, were destroyed by means of a darning-needle, 

 when the larva pupated in due course and produced an imago in 

 mid-January, 1858, after being forced from mid-December (Syme). 



Habits. — The species owes its position in the British list to 

 immigration. For many years no example will be taken, and 

 then a sudden influx of imagines in July or August is followed by 

 a great abundance of larvae in August and September. This 

 periodical appearance is common to the more northern and western 

 limits of its range. Thus, we find the species reported as very 

 common at Prague in 1789 (Preyssler), as very abundant in 1856 



