192 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



(Image), July 9th, i860, from larva found at Lytham in the autumn 

 of 1859 (Gregson) ; August 1st, i860, from a pupa obtained from 

 larvae taken August i6th-29th, 1859, another pupa being then alive 

 (Batho) ; July 18th, 1862, from larva found September 24th, 

 1 86 1, at South Shields (Eales), July 17th, 187 1, from larvae found 

 September 18th, 1870, at Lewes (Jenner), two imagines in June, 1889, 

 from larvae taken at Ramsgate in September, 1888 (Buckmaster). 

 Bloomfield notes (E.M.M., xxv., p. 455) that Hele of Aldburgh had 20 

 pupae from 1888 larvae, that these were kept in sand covered with moss 

 in a cool room, and with no forcing whatever, and that of these, 13 ima- 

 gines emerged in June and July, 1889. Peek, of Swelling, had 14 pupae 

 kept in an aquarium on their original sand from the seashore covered 

 with moss, and the only forcing was a tepid bath once a fortnight, or 

 when they looked dry. These 14 pupae produced 10 inothsin the following 

 June and July, two other pupae being ichneumoned. Generally, however, 

 the want of success by those who attempt to keep their pupae over 

 the winter is so marked that most lepidopterists prefer to force them, 

 subjecting the pupae, after they have rested normally for 2 or 3 

 months, to such conditions of moisture and atmosphere that they are 

 tempted to emerge prematurely during the winter months, although 

 it is remarkable that some pupae resist this forcing treatment, whilst 

 others respond most readily. Syme obtained imagines March 2:>th and 

 23rd, 1857, from 1856 pupae, the latter being kept on damp moss 

 exposed, from January 26th, to an average day temperature of 75 F. 

 by placing in fender every day. Costick reared imagines January, 

 i860, from larvae found in the autumn of 1859 at Eastbourne. 

 Buckler was the first to record the rearing of forced examples 

 from the 1870 larvae. He began the forcing process on 4 

 pupae a few days after Christmas, the first moth emerged January 

 1 8th, the second on the 19th, the third on the 22nd and the fourth on 

 February 9th, 187 1 ; Capper also reared more than a dozen from 

 New Brighton larvae, the earliest emerging February 8th, 187 1, the 

 others somewhat later. From 1888 larvae, Elisha bred several 

 imagines in March, 1889, the pupae being forced at a temperature of 

 6o° F.-70 F., the specimens emerging from 14 to 16 days after being 

 placed in this heat and no pupae lying over ; Corbett forced his pupae, 

 obtained from larvae September, 1888, the imagines emerging in 

 November and December of the same year; Arkle forced 12 pupae 

 from larvae found on the Cheshire sandhills from January 1st, 1889, 

 and bred five imagines between February 10th and March 26th, the 

 other pupae dying. Newstead states that larvae, found on the 

 Wallasey sandhills from September 8th-ioth, 1888, pupated from 15th- 

 22nd, 17 pupae being obtained, the pupae were kept in a room at a 

 temperature of 45 F. to 50 F., and remained there until January 

 1st, 1889, when they were removed to a temperature of from 50 F. 

 to 55 F., and were slightly sprinkled with water for the first time; 

 on the 23rd four pupae were placed in a ''Pine stove" in a 

 temperature of 6o° F. to 75 F. ; on February 26th one imago emerged, 

 the three other pupae also disclosing imagines before March 2nd. 

 The remaining pupae were then placed in the " Pine stove " and 

 similarly treated ; the first imago emerged on March 26th, the last on 

 March 31st; one pupa, however, resisted the forcing, lived on for 

 some weeks, and was then placed in "spirit" to be preserved as 



