CELERIO GALLII. 193 



a specimen. The conditions under which they were reared are 

 summarised as follows: September i8th-October 21st. — Larvae. Out- 

 side all day, fully exposed to sun, but always taken in during rain 

 and at night. November and December. — Pupae. Indoors; day 

 temperature 50 F., night 45 F. January ist-22nd. — Day tem- 

 perature 55 F., night 46 F. Once damped. January 23rd to 

 time of emergence. — Day temperature 75 F., night 6o° F. Kept 

 constantly damped. Tugwell was probably the most successful 

 collector of the species in 1888. He forced all his pupae, and 

 records (Young Nat., x., p. 44) rearing 53 specimens between 

 December 9th, 1888, and January 22nd, 1889, later emergences bring- 

 ing the total up to in (loc.ci't., p. 145). His pupae were exposed to 

 an average temperature of 70 F., and were mostly out by April, 

 when some, still remaining in the pupal stage at that date, were placed 

 in a cool greenhouse, but from every living pupa an imago had emerged 

 by July. He observes that it is really remarkable that, whilst the 

 greater number of pupae responded readily to the forcing treatment, 

 others should resist it and emerge at the normal time of un- 

 forced specimens. In 1897, Benthall bred an imago on Decem- 

 ber 8th, 1897, from a larva obtained at Starcross on August 7th, 

 1897. Moss notes that, of four larvae from the Wallasey and 

 Waterloo coast, September 14th and 18th, 1897, one larva was 

 preserved, the pupae from the other three were forced from October 

 20th; from one of these, an imago, emerged on November 15th, one 

 died on November 30th, and the last emerged December 19th, 1897. 



Habitat. — In Britain, where the species is very uncertain in 

 its appearance, sometimes not being seen for many years, and then 

 occurring in hundreds in the larval stage in certain favoured localities, 

 one finds that it prefers wind-swept sandhills to any other locality, 

 and that those nearest the sea-coast in Kent, Essex, Cheshire, Devon, 

 Durham, &c, are the most frequently chosen, although Cambridge 

 is also a well-known locality. At Deal, one of these favoured spots, 

 it not only frequents the sandhills, but the larvae are to be found 

 abundantly on every little patch of Galium growing on the shingle 

 between Deal and Dover, and within reach of the sea spray. These 

 localities are very similar to those of the more northern continental dis- 

 tricts favoured by occasional visits from immigrants from more southern 

 climes, e.g., Snellen notes larvae as abundant some years on Galium 

 on the dunes of Holland ; Paux states that the insect is accidental 

 in the dept. du Nord, the larvae being found (as with us) in 

 August and September, at intervals of some years, yet always in 

 the same localities, e.g., the low "roads" of Wattignies and the 

 dunes of Dunkirk, and the same is true in Belgium, although, in New 

 Pomerania, where it is also sporadic in its appearance, it is said not 

 to be specially partial to the coast. Syme observes (E.M.M., ii., p. 

 6) that the insect is not only irregular, but very local — capricious, 

 one would be apt to say. He states that, although search has 

 been made for the larvae all over the sandhills from Deal to Sand- 

 wich, he has never found it, except from the 1st battery southwards 

 as far as the large sandhills extend, and from the sea westwards 

 for 200 or 300 yards; in 1857, and in this year only, the larvae 

 were taken on the shingle from Kingsdown to the vicinity of the 

 rifle-butts to the south of that village, a little more than three- 



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