196 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



to remain under shelter till the following spring, and it is very 

 rarely, if ever, that any pupae live throughout the winter, in nature, 

 in the British Isles, and produce imagines at the normal time in the 

 succeeding year, although a few do so in confinement (anted, 

 p. 191). The practical absence of records of specimens taken 

 wild in 1836, i860, 187 1 and 1889, the years following those 

 in which the species was abnormally abundant in Britain, is evidence 

 of this. In its more southern haunts the species is, more or less, 

 double-brooded, the imagines appearing in May-June, and in fewer 

 numbers in August, but we suspect that the imagines that reach us 

 belong rather to a late-emerging early than to the later brood. Of 

 British-reared examples, Head states that a few autumnal imagines 

 usually emerge after a pupal period of from three to four weeks. As 

 we get further north the insect becomes apparently permanently single- 

 brooded, appearing from late May to July, although, wherever immigrants 

 appear, the more rapid-feeding progeny attempt to produce a partial 

 second (or later if the immigrants themselves really belong to a second) 

 brood. In Bukovina there are two broods (Hormuzaki) ; May, and again 

 in July and August (July 7th-August 17th) in two generations, in 

 Roumania (Caradja), May and June, and again in August, in Bohemia 

 (Nickerl), May and June, and again in August and September, at Buda- 

 pest and Eperies (teste Bartel). The following southern records suggest 

 a second brood, viz., July and August in Tuscany, September in Lom- 

 bardy, commencement of September in Hermannstadt. Of partial double- 

 broodedness we have the following — in Saxon Upper Lusatia in May and 

 June, but every large brood produces also a few imagines in August 

 (Schiitze), some emerge in August at Munich only two weeks after pupa- 

 tion (Kranz), May and June, and again in August and September, at 

 Baden (Reutti), in May and August at Mombach (Bartel), in June 

 and August-September in Alsace (Macker) ; whilst larvae in May, 

 imagines in August and October at Schwerin, August in Debreczen, 

 end of July at Noworossiisk on the Black Sea, also suggest double 

 broods, and we also have to consider such records as May 

 and June at Sarepta ; June in the Altai district, June and July 

 in the Kouldja district from 3000ft. — 9000ft., whilst, in the far east, 

 June is noticed for Fujisan (Pryer), and July at Tsuruga (Leech). May 

 to July rare, is given for Eutin, May and June at Bremen, June and July 

 at Crefeld and in the Netherlands, May to August at Elberfeld, May 

 and June rare at Brunswick, &c, the whole of the latter German 

 localities possibly being included in the immigration area of the 

 species. Fritsch gives dates for Austro-Hungary from May 15th- 

 July 19th, also possible second-brood emergences on August 27th 

 and September 4th at Salzburg, and October 1st at Vienna. Frey notes 

 the species as occurring in the early summer throughout Switzerland, 

 but Nageli took it at light at Zurich, on August 25th, 1895. Anderson 

 observes that unforced pupae, obtained in 1889, from Switzerland, pro- 

 duced imagines on July ioth, 1890, and following days, whilst Colignon 

 records one as late as October 8th, 1898, at Namur. The following 

 list of captures in Britain excludes records of examples bred in confine- 

 ment, which will be found (anted, pp. 1 91-193) under the head of " Forcing 

 Pupae," and also excludes the earliest dates, already mentioned under 

 the head of "Summarised history of the species as British" (anted, 

 p. 194) September 15th, 1842, at VVhiteiield, near Bury (Edleston), Sep- 



