HYLES EUPHORBIA. 239 



(Reaumur). In the Netherlands and Belgium it also extends inland 

 along the rivers (Snellen). In the most southern parts of its range, 

 e.g., on the dunes to the west and south of Biskra, it is sometimes 

 exceedingly abundant (Eaton), it also abounds on the almost bare 

 slopes of the rocky island of Capri (White), also along the shores 

 of the Bilbao river in Spain (Bell). On the dry sloping banks 

 of the alpine valleys branching out of the Rhine valley, the 

 valleys of Dauphiny, Savoy, the Tyrol, the Caucasus, and the eastern 

 Himalayas it is sometimes very common. Mathew found the larvae 

 abundantly on the seashore below the celebrated Bulair Lines, also 

 in woods near the coast of the Sea of Marmora. Walker notes 

 that the species is quite common on the "neutral ground" at 

 Gibraltar, and in all the cork woods of the district, whilst Mathew 

 says it occurs also on the coast sandhills between Gibraltar and 

 Algeciras. 



Time of appearance. — The emergence of the imagines appears 

 to be very irregular. Normally the moths emerge from pupae of the 

 previous year in June and July in the more northern part of its 

 range, and only occasionally in the autumn from pupae of the year, 

 so that sometimes from the same batch ^the larvae reared under 

 identical conditions) one or two examples will emerge about three 

 weeks after attaining the pupal stage, the remainder coming out 

 the following year at irregular periods from June to August. In the 

 southern part of its range the species appears to be continuously-brooded, 

 imagines appearing in March-April, June, August and October-Novem- 

 ber, although irregularities in the various broods make it probable that 

 one might obtain imagines (and larvae) at any time between March 

 and November in a state of nature, but, even in the warmest parts 

 of its area, the two or three winter months — December to February — 

 appear to be passed in the pupal state. Thus we have imagines 

 in March, April and May at Malta, again in July, yet again in 

 August, September and October, in April at Biskra, in April in the 

 Sierra-de-Chiclana, in July at Albarracin, and possibly there is another 

 emergence in many parts of Spain in September. The main emergences 

 appear to be in June and September in the Bilbao river district (Bell), 

 and in May and September at Gibraltar (Walker). The imagines 

 also appear by the end of April in Turkestan, and in Asia Minor 

 the species is everywhere common in May, and again from the 

 end of July to the middle of August. Along the Mediterranean 

 littoral it is reported as occurring from April to November, but, 

 in the more northern lowlands, there appears to be a main emergence 

 in May-June, and a partial second-brood in July-August, with a long 

 pupal period through the winter. The species is recorded as appearing 

 from May to the middle of November, everywhere very commonly, in Rou- 

 mania (Caradja), and imagines are bred in August from July larvae at 

 Gallipoli (Mathew), from May until the end September at Eperies (Husz), 

 whilst at Budapest the appearances are given as mid-April, mid-May, 

 and again mid-June to August (teste Bartel); in Alsace from May to Sep- 

 tember (Peyerimhoff), and in the Haute-Garonne almost everywhere in 

 May-June and August-September (Caradja). The following records also 

 suggest double- or partial double-broods — June and September (rare) 

 at Eutin, June and September in the Crefeld district, May and July at 

 Halle (often in very great abundance), May-June and August- 



