260 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



have been more frequently taken at light or at rest. Thus we have 

 it recorded as : Flying into an open window to light at Brighton 

 (Thorncroft and Tidy), also into a room at Glasgow (Wilson), 

 a ? flew into a window at about 6.30 p.m. to light at Yalding (Reid), 

 and at one of the electric lights at. Eastbourne (Alford) ; also it is re- 

 corded as resting on an oleander plant at St. Leonards (Smith), on a 

 heliotrope plant in a garden at Aldeby (Winter), at rest on a scarlet- 

 runner plant at Tottenham (Pool), on the stalk of a lily bud at 

 Brighton (Langley), in a garden at St. Leonard's (Wood), also at 

 Lewes (Hillman), in a garden at Hemel Hempstead (Piffard), in a 

 garden near Birmingham (Enock), on a sheaf of corn at Barrhead 

 (Grant), on the gatepost of a timber-yard at Hartlepool (Gardner), 

 resting on a pine trunk at Niesky (Moeschler). 



Time of appearance.— Imagines are usually taken in temperate 

 Europe (southern and central) in July and September-October, the latter 

 brood being the progeny of the former. In its permanent subtropical 

 habitats in Africa and Asia the species appears to be continuously- 

 brooded, and it is undoubtedly only an immigrant therefrom in 

 the temperate zones of the Old World. The imagines of January- 

 February produce fullfed larvae in early March (March 3rd, 1865, 

 at Saugor) in India, and these yield imagines again in April. These 

 give another brood of imagines in June-July (July 2ist-2 6th at 

 Jerusalem) which probably represents the earlier immigrants that 

 reach Europe in June and July, earlier or later according to the 

 district whence they have come. Imagines were reared at the 

 end of September, 1834, from larvae found in mid-August in 

 Montpellier (Paris), also 16 imagines emerged between October 

 7th and 20th, T839, from September larvae, all of which had 

 pupated before October 1st at Paris (Decellier). In 1835, 



Nowicki bred imagines in November from August larvae at 

 Thorn in West Prussia, and Siebold, bred one on November 6th 

 from a September larva, taken at Dantzig the same year. In 1885, 

 larvae were already fullfed in the Riviera from July i5tl>3oth, from 

 which imagines appeared in August (Milliere) ; in 1893, the larvae 

 were not fullfed at Breslau until early August (Standfuss), whilst 

 in 1896, eggs, from Main* in Dalmatia, were already hatching on 

 July 27th-28th, and the imagines emerged from September 14th- 

 22nd. These July imagines, then, give another brood of imagines 

 in September, which, in due course, give the October and November 

 larvae and the January-February specimens, a brood that never 

 reaches maturity in Europe unless forced *, and then generally 

 emerges somewhat earlier, e.g., December 2nd, 1S46, at Paris 

 (Pierret) ; January 7th, 1887, at Cannes (Warburg), cvic. According 

 to Marchal, the larvae in Mauritius are fullfed in February, April, 

 June, September and December, the imagines appearing in each 

 case about 20 days later (Boisduval). Lederer says that the 

 species always occurs in two generations at Beyrout, the larvae 



* There is considerable evidence that late larva? rarely reach the pupal stage in 

 Europe, and that when the)- do they usually die unless forced, e.g., iVIorres found a 

 fair number of larvae and pupae on the Riviera, the pupae were dug up in February 

 and were dead, Constant obtained four late pupae (from a considerable number of 

 larvae, which were common) in 1000, three were already dead in March. In i<)02, 

 Powell reared many imagines in September and October at Ilyeres, a few pupa: 

 went on into the winter but all had died by March, 1903. 



