290 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



very difficult to find ; several, very short and baton-shaped, exist 

 in the narrow area between the two most forward ridges of the 

 prespiracular flanges. As regards these flanges, the spiracles con- 

 cerned appear to be pushed back by the flange, having the wrinkling 

 behind it thickened as if pushed together and puckered up. The 

 spiracles have special marginal fringes, the margin of the first 

 (external false) appears to be smooth and without spicules. The 

 labrum is well marked out, and has a lower margin with three 

 convexities, and beside it are two separate chitinous patches that 

 are very probably the mandibles (Chapman). Long and slender 

 compared with the pupae of Amorphids, red-brown in colour, the 

 dorsum rather darker, the skin somewhat rugose, the dorsal area 

 wrinkled transversely. The head prominent, the maxillae partly 

 enclosed in a separate case almost # 25in. long, closely appressed to 

 venter ; two maxillary filaments, however, are placed medio- 

 ventraliy, and terminate at the apices of the wings ; the 

 glazed-eye forms a small, somewhat rugose, lunular structure ; 

 the two pairs of legs are distinctly marked ; the antennae 

 reach two-thirds towards apex of wing, segmented, each segment with 

 a tiny knob, the wings with raised nervures. The prothorax 

 prominent, the mesothorax large, and swelling out at the wing- 

 bases ; the prothoracic spiracle at the junction of the pro- and 

 mesothorax, and in contact with the antenna at its lower point, 

 blackish in colour ; the metathorax narrow. The abdominal seg- 

 ments increasing in size to 4, and then decreasing to anus ; 

 movable incisions between 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, the incisions much better 

 developed laterally than dorsally ; the centre of the dorsum of 4, 

 5, 6 and 7 slightly depressed ; abdominal spiracles narrow linear 

 slips with moderately-prominent margins, and placed well forward 

 on each segment ; ventrally, abdominal segments 5 and 6 show 

 scars of larval prolegs ; sexual organs distinct ; the cremastral horn 

 slender with bifid tip (Tutt. March 28th, 1897). 40mm. in length, 

 cylindrical, with the tongue-case just like that of the pupa of Sphinx 

 ligustri, but only 5mm. long. The abdomen tapers to the anal seg- 

 ment. The rough anal spike longer and more slender than in £. 

 ligustri, with two pairs of short spines in its sides, and a pair at 

 the tip. The pupa-skin is granulated, and dark red-brown in 

 colour (Hellins). 



Pupal period. — Richenau, who has made observations on this 

 species in the Mombach pine forests, states that there is there a 

 complete second and a partial third brood, with correspondingly 

 short pupal periods (Rossler), but one suspects that such appearances 

 are rare, and that the ordinary pupal period extends from August- 

 September to the following May-June. Schmid notes that the pupal 

 stage sometimes extends over two winters, and Hellins mentions 

 (Buckler's Larvae, &c, ii., p. 113) a pupa which remained two 

 winters* in this state. 



* Buckler notes (Larvae, &c, ii., p. 27) that he reared these larvae in 1882, 

 and that they pupated in September, 1882; Hellins states (loc. cit., p. 113) that 

 he bred moths from these pupae from June 24th-30th, 1884, and one, which 

 remained two winters in the pupal state on June 29th, 1885. This would make 

 two and three years respectively ; possibly an error by Hellins as to the year in which 

 the specimens emerged. 



