2§4 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



the capture of a^on July 29th, 1900, on an oak trunk at Southwold 

 (the last record of the species having been taken at large in Suffolk) ; 

 an example was recorded in 1902, by Johns (Ent. Rec, xiv., p. 248) as 

 captured at Winchester on June 30th. One suspects that these records are 

 largely due to errors, incidental to and inseparable from the attempted 

 study of a scientific subject by a large number of poorly equipped 

 students. A few may be due to " escapes," but there is much 

 indirect evidence furnished, not only pointing to grave doubts as 

 to whether the species ever was sedentary in our Islands, but also 

 suggesting, from the gradual decadence of the progeny resulting 

 from the Suffolk introductions, that there is no real natural tendency 

 for the species to become acclimatised and take up a permanent 

 residence here. 



Time of appearance. — Very little, if any, evidence that the 

 species is double-brooded, beyond the statement of Reichenau 

 that the species has two complete and a third incomplete brood 

 in the pine forests at Mombach (teste Rossler), is to be found ; 

 Fritsch certainly gives May 4th-July 6th for Austro-Hungary, with 

 a few dates in late July and in August, chiefly at Salzburg, 

 that might, he thinks, possibly belong to a second brood, whilst 

 May-June and again in August-September are given for Lom- 

 bardy and May and September are given for Tuscany. But there 

 is no doubt that, even where the species is undoubtedly single- 

 brooded, emergences are often spread over a long time. In 

 Germany the species is recorded from May to August — in July 

 at Schwerin, May- August at Eutin, June-July at Cassel and Kempten, 

 in May-June at Brunswick, Alsace and Frankfort-on-Main, beginning 

 of July in the Oberharz, May-August at Leipzig, Thuringia and 

 Baden, and until September at Wiesbaden; May-July in Switzerland, 

 May-June in Hungary, but continuing into July at Fiinfkirchen, 

 end of June and commencement of July in Roumania. Bartel 

 notes June at Boulogne (certainly near enough to the British Islands), 

 Caradja gives August in the Loire-Inferieure, &c, May 25th-August 

 28th at Biedenkopf (Riihl), April 16th to the end of May, 1862, in 

 Nassau (Rossler), emerges rarely in April, generally from May 

 to July in Germany (Bartel), in July, at Aix-les-Bains (Agassiz), in June 

 in the Kasan district (Eversmann), July 19th, 1880, at Gstein (Hor- 

 muzaki), bred June 25th-June 30th, 1884, and June 29th, 1885, from 

 pupae, the ova which produced these having been obtained from Leipzig 

 (Hellins), imagines June-August — June 12th, July 15th, 28th, August 

 5th at Nohant, August 15th at Planet (Sand), from mid-May to the 

 middle of July in the Inn valleys, often common, captures were made 

 on May 2ist-24th, 1896, near Riesenhof, June znd-3rd at Postlingberg, 

 June 28th at Buchenau (Himsl), in the Netherlands, imagines are to be 

 found continuously from June to August (Snellen), but in Belgium the 

 imagines are usually taken in June and July (Lambillion), May 

 1 2th-June 1 6th, 1900, common at Orta Novarese (Lowe), bred June 

 2nd, 1902, and following days at Dorking, from foreign ova 

 (Oldaker), the earliest date at Woodbridge in those years in which the 

 species was obtained in Suffolk, was on June 8th, the species continuing 

 to emerge until the end of July or early August (Thellusson), July 29th, 

 1900, at rest at Southwold (Douglas). The rest of the recorded dates 

 for Britain may be gathered from the preceding paragraph. 



