SPHINX LIGUSTRI. 321 



them is smooth and free from any sculpture — pits, hairs, &c. The 

 area between the second and the anterior margin of the segment has 

 no sculpture, but a good many minute hairs. The pits have a 

 peculiar " fish-scale" aspect, margin crenate with radiating shading to 

 the crenations from a central point. Neither the pits, the hairs, nor 

 the wrinkling present any very definite connection with each other 

 nor any intergrading appearances. The callosity of metathorax consists 

 of a few labyrinthine walls standing up darker, of which two are 

 especially strong and dark (Chapman). Poulton figures and describes 

 (Ext. Morph. Lep. Pupa, p. 205, pi. xx., figs. 20-21) the terminal 

 abdominal segments of a $ pupa of this species. Fig. 20 ( X 4) 

 represents the 9th and 10th abdominal segments seen from the 

 ventral aspect, showing the sculpture of the surface and the $ re- 

 productive organ. The latter is typical ; its relation to the boundary 

 between the 9th and ;oth abdominal segments is better shown in 

 the next figure (21), where it is seen to be nearly the same as in 

 Manduca atropos (fig. 17). Fig. 21 (X 26) exhibits the median 

 ventral area of the 9th and adjacent parts of the 8th and 10th ab- 

 dominal segments, showing the $ organ and the surface sculpture 

 very distinctly • the lateral tubercles are more closely applied than 

 in Manduca atropos. The pit in front of the reproductive organ 

 is merely an individual peculiarity. Jackson gives other figures 

 ( Studies Morph. Lep., pi. xv., figs. 11-14) showing details of the pupa 

 of this species. Fig. n is a ventral view of the abdominal seg- 

 ments 8-10 of a J pupa. The punctuations of the chitinous cuticle 

 are indicated in the 8th and 9th segments ; $ — indicates the aperture 

 of the ductus ejaculatorius and its two triangular lips ; r. p. — are the 

 prominences representing the anal prolegs. Fig. 1 2 is a similar view 

 to fig. 11, but the pupa is a $ . The mark $ in the fig. indicates 

 the confluent $ apertures. Fig. 13 represents the enlarged view of 

 the two $ apertures in an abnormal specimen ; 8, 9 indicate the 

 segments. It will be observed that the two apertures belong, as in 

 the pupa of Pieris brassicae (fig. 2), to consecutive segments. Fig. 14 

 is a lateral view of the four terminal segments of the abdomen. 

 The 7th (perfect) and the 8th (abortive) abdominal spiracles are 

 shown. Corbin notes fZoot., p. 3438) a pupa, found at Ringwood, 

 with the sheath of the tongue distinctly bifurcate (cf., anted p. 318). 



Duration of the pupal stage. — The pupal period generally 

 lasts some nine months from September-October to June-July 

 (Montgomery gives it as 286 days in some that he had under 

 observation), and we have only one certain record of an imago emerging 

 in the autumn from a pupa of the year, although Bartel says that the 

 imago is disclosed rarely in July and August of the same year ; 

 the record that we have is by Grote, who notes fltlus. Zeits. fiir Ent., 

 iii., p. 360) that he had a larva pupate in July, 1898, at Hildesheim, 

 and that an imago emerged from the pupa at the commencement 

 of September of the same year ; a record by Daws of a $ captured 

 October 3rd, 1900, at Mansfield, may also have been a representative 

 of a partial second brood ; we have, however, several instances 

 of the pupal stage being extended beyond the normal period, 

 e.g., imago emerged on August 22nd, 1899, from pupa of Sep- 

 tember, 1898, all the remainder (kept under same conditions) 

 having emerged in June, 1899 (Phillips); larva pupated September, 



x 



