322 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



1 88 1, produced an imago April, 1883, at Bournemouth, the pupa 

 kept in ferncase and subjected the whole time to an unusually high 

 temperature (McRae) ; 14 larvae pupated in 1887, from which, in 

 1888, 8 imagines came out at the usual time, whilst the other 

 six emerged in June, 1889, at St. Anne's-on-Sea (Baxter) ; another larva, 

 from Bournemouth, pupated August, 1893, produced an imago 

 June 5th, 1895, at Kingston-on-Thames (Gloyns) ; larvae from 

 Chagford, August, 1897, pupated and gave imagines on May 

 15th, 19th and 24th, 1899 (Studd), larvae pupated* September, 

 1880, produced two imagines, July, 1883, at Wanstead, the bulk 

 appeared in 1881, the pupae kept throughout in an outhouse (Argent, 

 Ent., xvi., p. 234) • Freeman writes that he had a living pupa that 

 had passed through two winters, had been forced twice without 

 result and was going through a third winter. Verloren states 

 (Alg. Konst-en Letterbode, 1847, pt. 2, pp. 147-148) that, of 29 

 pupae which went through the severe winter of 1844-5, on ^y 20 

 imagines emerged in 1845, whilst 7 came out in 1846, together 

 with 30 from larvae which had pupated in August — September, 1845. 

 Haworth notes that this species has been known to remain two, 

 or even three, seasons in the pupal state and then emerge well. 

 Briggs quotes the strange statement that pupae on the surface come 

 out the first year, those deeper the second year, those deepest of 

 all the third year. We have never seen the slightest evidence to 

 bear this out. 



Foodplants. — Ligustrum, Syringa, Fraxinus, Lonicera, Sambucus, 

 Salix (Linne), lilac, holly (Albin), prefers variegated forms of 

 holly, ash (Dell), Laurustinus, Phillyrea (Hellins), Hortensia, 

 Ligustrum vulgare, Syringa persica (Speyer), Sorbus aucuparia, 

 Viburnum opulus, Spiraea salicifolia (Moeschler), Symphoricarpus race- 

 mosus (Rossler), especially Spiraea (Fischer), prefers lilac (Her in g), 

 Syringa vulgaris, Viburnum laurustinus, V. lantana, V. opulus, Nerium 

 oleander, Ilex aquifolium, Celtis australis, Symphoricarpus pannflora, 

 Daphne laureola (Guenee), Spiraea filipendula, Omits europaca, Spiraea 

 ulniaria (Filipendula ulniaria), Sambucus nigra, Lonicera caprifolium, L. 

 xylosteum, Dipsacus fullonum, Carpi nus betulus (Bartel), Viburnum ti/ius 

 (Dewick), Cytisus purpureus (Frey), sycamore (Harding), aspen (Brown), 

 guelder rose, evergreen oak (Mathew), larva on wild teasel but left it 

 for privet in confinement (Clogg), commonly on apple and pear in 

 1863 (Clifford, Zool., 8906), hop {teste Dewick, Ent. Wk. Int., ix., p. 20), 

 larvae found on Viburnum tinus, Lonicera tatarica, Phillyrea angusti- 

 folium and Ilex aquifolium, but none on Ligustrum although the 

 latter was abundant in the district searched (Gower), larvae on 

 privet in 1897, but in 1898 appeared to be confined to ash at Sal- 

 ford Priors (Fountain), snowball tree (Perkins), Spanish lilac 

 (Homeyer), Euonymus europaeus (Bond), laurel (Luff), Portugal 

 laurel (Wilson), Cor nus san guinea, Laurustinus (Crewe), willow pre- 

 ferred to privet (Braine, Ent., i\\, pp. 322-323), larva on rose and 

 on the common blue passion flower (Daws), fuchsia {teste Lucas), 

 freely on plum and oak (Finch). 



Parasites. — Ichneumon pisorius, Linn. (Ratzeburg) ; Ichneumon 

 insidiosus, Gr. (Rudow) ; Pimpla examinator, Gr. (Rudow) ; Trogusalbo- 

 guttatus, Q. (Adkin. This species is figured in Proceedings Sth. Loud. 

 Ent, Soc, 1886, pi. i., fig. 7) ; Trogus exaltatorius, Panzer [Bignell, bred 

 July 4th, 1882. This species pupates within the pupa of S. ligustri 



