396 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



(1793); "El. Mag.," vi., p. 288 (1807); [Schiff.,] " Schmett. Wien.," ed. 1, p. 

 41 (1775); ed - 2 » P- ll ( l8oi )5 Harris, "Engl. Lep.," p. 30 (1775) J Es P-> 

 "Schmett. Eur.," i., p. 27, ii., p. 69, pi. vii (1779); Bergstr., " Sphing. Eur. 

 Larv.,"p. 6(1782); Bkh., " Sys. Besch.," ii., p. 88 (1789); " Rhein. Mag.," 

 p. 318 (1793); Cuv., "Tabl. Elem.," p. 592 (1798); Donov., "Brit. Ins.," 

 ix., p. 3, pi. 289 (1800); Hb., "Eur. Schmett.," i., pi. xiii., fig. 68 fcirc. 1800); 

 text, p. 98 (1805); " Larva; Lep.," ii., Legit. C a (circ. 1800); Schrk., "Faun. 

 Boica," ii., pt. 1, p. 224 (1801); Haw., "Lep. Brit.," i., p. 56 (1803); Latr., 

 "Hist. Nat.," iii., p. 401 (1802); xiv., p. 130 (1805); "Gen. Crust.," iv., p. 210 

 (1809); Ochs., "Die Schmett.," ii., p. 231(1808); Leach, " Ency. Edinb.," ix., 

 p. 131 (1815); Dalm., "K. Vet. Ak. Handl.," p. 213 (1816) ; Sam., " Ent. 

 Comp.," 244 (1819); Godt., "Hist. Nat.," hi., p. 16, pi. xiv (1820); Evers., 

 "Faun. Volg.-Ural.," pp. 108, 113 (1844). Atropos, Oken, " Lehrb. Zool.," 

 i., p. 762 (1815). Sphynx, Vogel, " Sch. Cab.," i., p. 22, pi. iv., figs. 4 a-b (1821) ; 

 Heulz, "Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.," 1887, p. 7 (1887). Spectrum, Billbg., " Enum. 

 Ins.," p. 83 (1820). Acherontia,* Lasp., "Jena. Allg. Lit. Zeits.," iv., p. 99 

 (1809); Ochs., "Die Schmett.," iv., p. 44 (1816) ; Hb., "Verz.," p. 139 (circ. 

 (1822); Stphs., "Illus.," i., p. 114(1828); iv., app. p. 5 (1835); " Cat. Br. Ins.," 

 ii., p. 31 (1829), "List Br. An. Brit. Mus.," v., p. 27 (1850); Meig., "Eur. 

 Schmett.," ii., p. 146 (1830); Wood, "Ind. Ent.," p. 12, fig. 10 (1839); West- 

 wood, "Gen. Syn.," p. 88 (1840); Bdv., "Gen. et Ind. Meth.," p. 49 (1840) ; 

 "Spec. G<5n. Lep. Het.," i., p. 5 (1875); Dup., "Cat. Meth.," p. 43 (1844); 

 Humph. & Westd., "Brit. Moths," p. 9, pi. ii., figs. 1-3 (1842); Rbr., "Faun. 

 And.," p. 331 (1842); Assm., " Schm. Schles.," ii., p. 40, pi. xvL — xvii., figs. 

 41 a-g (1845); H.-Sch., " Sys. Bearb.," ii., p. 90 (1846) ; Heydenr., "Lep. Eur. 

 Cat. Meth.," p. 18 (1851); Sta., " Man.," i., p. 88 (1857); Speyer, "Geog. Verb.," 

 i., p. 323 (1858); Hoeven, " Tijds. Ent.," ii., p. 11 (1859); Hein., "Schmett. 

 Deutsch.," p. 149 (1859); Humph., "Gen. Brit. Moths," p. 8 (i860); Staud., 

 "Cat.," ed. 1, p. 16(1861); ed. 2, p. 36 (1871); ed. 3, p. 98 (1901); Wallgrn., 

 " Skand. Het.," p. 20 (1863); Snell., "De Vlind.," pp. 99-100 (1867); Berce, 

 "Faun. Franc.," ii., p. 11 (1868); Nolck., " Lep. Fn. Estl.," i., p. 86 (1868); 

 Newm., "Brit. Moths," p. 5 (1869); Bang-Haas, "Nat. Tids.," (3), ix., p. 402 

 (1874); Cuni y Mart., " Cat. Lep. Bare," p. 37 (1874); Mill., " Cat. Lep. Alp. - 

 Mar.," p. 1 16 (1875) ; Curo, " Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital.," vii., p. 109 (1875) ; Butl., " Tr. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond.," ix., p. 598 (1877) ; Kirby, " Eur. Butts, and Moths," p. 67 (1879) ; 

 Frey, " Lep. Schweiz,"p. 56 (1880) ; Moore, " Lep. Ceylon," ii.. p. 5 (1882); Rom., 

 "Mem. Lep.," i., p. 69 (1884); Lampa, "Ent. Tids.," vi., p. 26 (1885) ; Poulton, 

 " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.," 1886, pp. 143 et seq. (1886) ; Buckl., " Larvae," &c, ii., p. 

 107, pi. xxi., fig. 1 (1887); Auriv., "Nord. Fjar.," p. 44 (1889) ; Mina-Pal., "Nat. 

 Sic," vii., p. 41 (1889); Meyr., "Handbook," &c, p. 299 (1895); Barr., "Lep. 

 Brit.," ii., p. 16 (1895) ; Tutt, " Brit. Moths," p. 17 (1896); Moires, " Notes on 

 Ach. atropos," pp. 1-25 (1897); Riedel, "Illus. Zeits. fur. Ent.," hi., p. 55(1898); 

 Aigner-Abafi, loc. cit., p. 337 (1898) ; iv., pp. 3-355 (1899) ; v., p. 36 (1900) ; Bartel, 

 " Pal. Gross-Schmett.," ii., pp. 16-17 (1899); Siepi, " Feuilles des J. Nat.," xxxiii., 

 pp. 104-5 (1903) ; Roths. & Jordan, " Revis. Sphing.," p. 18 (1903). Brachyglossa, 

 Bdv., "Eur. Lep. Ind. Meth.," p. ^ (1829) ; " Icon. Chen.," pi. viii., figs. 1-3 (circ. 

 1840) ; Dup., " Hist. Nat.," supp. ii., p. 182 (1835) ; " Icon. Chen.," pi. vi {circ. 1840). 



The genus Manduca was erected by Hiibner in 1806 (Tentamen, 

 p. 1) when the type was cited as atropos, the species having been 

 previously figured and described by him as imago and larva {Eur. 

 Schmett., rig. 68, text p. 98 ; Larvae Lep., ii., Legit. C.a) so that 



* The generic name, Acherontia, has been referred to Ochsenheimer for 

 nearly a century. We, therefore, give the following: " Laspeyres (Jctia. Allg. 

 Lit. Zeit., vi., 4, p. 100), in reviewing vol. iii of Ochsenheimer's Schmetterlinge von 

 Europa, says : ' The fourth family [of Ochsenheimer's Sphinx] needs dividing into 

 two separate genera ; to the former, for which the reviewer retains the generic name 

 Sphinx (since it contains those species whose larvrc, by the peculiar posture which 

 they assume, occasioned the naming of the whole assemblage of more or less 

 similar species), are to be referred convolvnli, ligustri and pinastri ; to the other, 

 which might bear the name Acherontia— atropos. Build of autennce, tongue and 

 a number of other essential characters, not only mark out atropos (besides some 

 exotic species) as a separate genus, but separate it even sharply from the other 

 species with which Herr Ochsenheimer has united it.' " (Prout). 



