MANDUCA ATROPOS. 409 



commenced again to feed, whilst, in the fields, at the end of this 

 period, he found many numbed, and of those he took home most 

 perished, evidently injured by the cold. It is averred that, in some 

 years, the larvae are sufficiently abundant in Hungary to damage the 

 potatoes (Rovariini Lafiok, hi., p. 224). The following dates on 

 which larvae and pupae have been found will probably prove interesting : 

 Larvae July-September in Upper Austria (Himsl), and half-grown larvae 

 in July in Roumania on potato (Caradja), a large number of larvae 

 in June, 1846, at Gray, in France (Paris), a larva in August, 1887, at 

 Gibraltar (Walker), larvae very common in October and November at 

 Gallipoli, in 1878 (Mathew) ; Powell says (in litt.J : "The larvae are 

 found at Hyeres in October and November, but the late examples 

 do not mature ; I have never taken larvae earlier than September, 

 and those found in October are quite young, nor have I ever heard 

 of anyone finding summer-feeding larvae " ; as bearing, however, 

 on this point, Siepi says that, as a result of somewhat haphazard 

 collecting over many years in the Marseilles district, he has obtained 

 — in July, 2 larvae ; in August, 4 larvae ; in September, 9 larvae ; 

 in October, 23 larvae. Larvae occurred throughout the winter and 

 spring of both 1869 and 1870 in northwest Morocco (Blackmore), 

 and in January at Tangier (Meade-Waldo), whilst at Durban, in 

 Natal, the larvae are fullfed in January and again in May, the species 

 being apparently definitely double-brooded. Over a long series of 

 years, 1 887-1 901, Burrows notes the earliest date of the capture of 

 the larvae, in Essex, as July 15th, 1893, and the latest, October 12th, 

 1 901 ; whilst other records are as follows : 6 larvae at Sudbury 

 in the autumn of 1844, one s ^ feeding on October 18th, 1844 

 (Gaze), 4 larvae in August, 1846, at St. Just (Noye), 11 larvae and 15 

 pupae between August 1st and October 6th, 1846, at Chelmsford 

 (Greenwood), larvae end of July, 1846, at Beeston, one imago emerged 

 September, 1846 (Wolley), and several larvae in July, 1846, at Hull, 

 imagines emerged in August (Norman), large numbers of larvae and 

 pupae are recorded for 1846 (Z00L, 1846, pp. 1 345-1654); many others 

 in 1847 ( see Zool.y v., pp. 1787-2076), October 2nd, 1847, at Berwick 

 Hill (Bold), &c, also in 1850 (Z00L, ix., p. 3008), and in 1853 

 ( Z00L, xi., p. 4072), larvae August i9th-3oth, 1856, at Wateringbury 

 (Fremlin), larvae August 2oth-26th, 1856, at Hither Green (Morris), 

 larvae August 25th, 1856, near Reigate (Wollaston), 18 larvae, full- 

 grown, week ending August 31st, 1856, at Fordwich (Cox), 50 full- 

 grown larvae in 1857 before September 19th, at Plymouth (Ryder), larva 

 July 19th, 1858, at Harrow (Walker), 6 larvae July 2oth-August 2nd, 

 1858, at Twickenham (Boscher), 5 fullgrown larvae on July 24th, 1858, 

 and days just preceding, at Brighthampton (Stone), July 23rd, 1858, 

 larva at Uckfield (Hay), July 29th, 1858, at Middleton (Woods), 60-70 

 larvae and pupae throughout August and September, 1858, at Newark 

 (Gascoyne), 92 larvae and pupae in the autumn of 1858, at Worcester, 

 50 perfect imagines and 13 cripples bred therefrom, above 200 larvae 

 and pupae altogether collected by the Worcester lepidopterists 

 (Edmunds), several larvae in August, 1858, at Cheltenham 

 (Alington), larvae August 2nd, 1858, at Newnham (Bingham), August 

 3rd, 4th, 5th, 1858, at Exeter (Hellins), 20 larvae up to August 5th, 1858, 

 at Leckhampton (Trye), August 6th, 1858, at Darlington (Eales), 

 others up to August 26th (Orde), August 8th, 1858, fullfed, went 

 down same day, at Rotherham (Rodgers), August 9th, 1858, 



