432 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



bath they wriggle, and appear to make a bubbling sound as 

 though they were drinking. Some 24 hours before emergence, the 

 shell having become detached from the imago, the latter squeaks loudly. 

 Burrows further states that, in forcing the pupae, he exposes them to a 

 damp heat of 8o°F. to 9o°F., which he finds sufficient to make them 

 emerge in 8 days. Mathew says that, before emergence, the pupae 

 change colour and finally become nearly black, and, at this period, 

 feel very soft to the touch, and, if handled a few hours before 

 emergence, the moth may be heard squeaking within, Levett 

 says that the pupa becomes dark and soft and turns on its 

 back shortly previous to the emergence of the imago. Verloren 

 notes (Alg. Konst- en Letterbode, 1847, pt. 2, p. 147) that the pupa 

 may be induced to utter a noise, though fainter than that 

 made by the imago. Bartel says {Pal. Gross-Schmett., ii., p. 19) 

 that " a more crackling but somewhat weaker sound than that 

 made by the larva is also made by the pupa just before the 

 disclosure of the imago." All other observers state that the 

 sound made by the pupa is like that made by the imago, in fact, 

 that it is made by the contained imago. Anderson notes (E?it., 

 xviii., p. 324) that the noises made by the pupa and moth 

 are nearly identical, though, in the case of the pupa, it is 

 somewhat fainter, and is a shrill grating squeak, not unlike 

 that of the dolls which, on being squeezed, give forth 

 a cry. Pearce observes (Ent., xix., p. 44) that the sound which is 

 made by the pupa was heard on December 17th, 1885, and 

 was produced by pressing the thorax of one of which he was doubt- 

 ful as to whether it was alive. Thinking the moth could not 

 release itself, he removed the pupal covering from the eyes and 

 tongue ; the sound was then repeated, and it was noticed that 

 the extended tongue was raised in the middle in the form of a 

 bow and divided at the same time from the mouth nearly to the 

 tip, and then quickly depressed and closed, the sound being 

 apparently produced by the junction of the two tubes. Whether 

 this be so or not, the experiment proves distinctly that the sound 

 made by a pupa comes really from the contained imago. Newman 

 also notes that the pupa possesses the power of uttering a dis- 

 tinct sound, but this is rather like a sharp short squeak repeated 

 at intervals, then the crackling sound of electric sparks. Morres 

 states that when handling the pupae he has heard them emit the 

 same sound as the moth. Moss records that a $ pupa, unearthed on 

 November 1 6th, 1900, squeaked several times when handled on 

 November 20th, a 2 imago appearing on November 24th. 



Foodplants. — Almost polyphagous (Merrin), Solatium dulcamara 

 (Buckler), Jasminum (Albin), Fraxinus excelsior, Jasminum officinalis, 

 Lycium barbarum. Sola/rum dulcamara, Datura stramonium^ D. tatuta 

 D. metel, Physalis alkekengi, Nicotiana rustica, X. glauca, A r . tabacum, 

 Ligustrum japonicum, L. vulgare, Syringa vulgare, Paielovnia imperialis, 

 Yochroma tuberosa, Euonymus japonica, Spiraea trilobata, Solatium 

 esculentum, Lycopersicum esculentum, Solatium tuberosum (Siepi)*, 



* Dr. Sidpi has taken the larvae frequently in the Marseilles district, where 

 they are very rately found upon potato, although frequent on many other plants, which 

 he has arranged above in order of preference, by which it will be seen that " ash " is 

 the most favoured and "potato" the least favoured foodplant in that district. 



