434 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



vulgaris. Cruciferje : Isatis tinctoria. Zygophyllace^e : Zygopyllum 

 fabago (Transcaucasia, Syria). Rutace^e : Ruta graveole?is. Celas- 

 TRACEiE : Euonymus europaeus. Cornace^e : Cornus sanguinea, C. 

 mascula. Umbellifer^e : Daucus carota, Anethum graveolens. 

 Philadelphace^e : Philadelphus coro?iarius. Amygdale^e : Primus 

 domestica. Pomace^e : Pyrus communis, P. malus. Rosacea : 

 Fragaria vesca. CucurbitacEjE : Coccinia indie a (Ceylon*). Legu- 

 minoseje : Vicia faba-vulgaris. 



Parasites. — Aigyrophylax atropivora, Rondani (Brauer), Masciera 

 pratensis, Mg., emerged from pupa in April (Wachtl), Choetolyga 

 (Nemoraea) xanthogastra, Rondani, about a dozen from one pupa 

 (Riedal), Blephoripoda scutellata, R.D. (Theinert), Ichneumon grossorius, 

 Grav., always singly (Rudow), Ambly teles palliatorius, Grav. (Marshall), 

 Ambly teles cerinthius, Grav. (Scott), Ambly teles laminatorius, Wsm. 

 (proteus, Christ), commonly (Rudow), always bred singly (Bignell) ; 

 Trogus lutorius, Fab. (Curtis). The larvae are, at Hyeres, very liable to 

 be infested with the grubs of a large fly, something like a housefly and 

 about twice the size; one does not become aware of their presence until 

 long after the pupa has been formed ; then the pupa turns black, 

 becomes soft and flabby, and breaks open to let out a mass of the 

 grubs of this fly, which immediately pupate ; I have sometimes lost as 

 many as 8 out of 10 pupae in this way (Powell). Two parasitical 

 larvae made their exit through a small hole in the wing-cases of two 

 pupae of Manduca atropos. The pupae were not killed, but four 

 hours after the emergence of the larvae, two perfect $ moths came 

 out ; in the edge of the upperwing on each side were two small 

 holes about the size of a quill, otherwise the insects were perfect f 

 (Von Glehn, Entom., hi., pp. 28-29). Bartel notes (Pal. Gross- 

 Schmett., ii., p. 18) that " the larvae are only attacked by Tachinids 

 and other parasites in the south, their enemies being apparently unable 

 to follow the species in its wanderings north ; in Germany parasitised 

 larvae are scarcely ever found, although Huwe records one from 

 southern Germany ; stung larvae are more commonly observed in 

 Dalmatia (e.g., in 1889) and in Hungary." One suspects from our 

 records that Bartel's generalisation is based on too slender data. 

 Marshall notes (E.M.M., xxxii., p. 265) an imago of Af. atropos 

 that was eviscerated by Morres, and was found to contain a 

 large parasitic maggot above 10mm. in length, possibly a larva of 

 one of the true Ichneumons. Morres noticed that the M. atropos larva, 

 which was about two-thirds grown when it came into his possession, 

 exhibited a black speck on its body, from which it was inferred 

 that it was ichneumoned ; Marshall observes that, in the ordinary 

 course of things, the parasitic larva would have lived through the 

 winter in the pupa of M. atropos, but that the forcing of the pupa, so 

 that the moth emerged after a very short pupal period, left the 

 parasite no time to cause its death, nor was the exhaustion of 



* See footnote on preceding page. 



t We own to more than a suspicion of doubt as to the observation on which 

 this statement is based. We are struck: (1) With the fact that a hole in each 

 upperwing would represent that the larva had bored right through these upper- 

 wings without injuring the lower ones directly beneath and in contact with them. 

 (2) That two moths, injured in so peculiar a manner, should not only be similarly 

 injured, but emerge in exactly the same time from the pupa, after the exit of the 

 parasitical larvse. 



