MANDUCA ATROPOS. 437 



the body ; the imago, he adds, rests in this position until the next 

 evening, when it partially opens and vibrates its wings with a rapid 

 tremulous motion for some seconds, and then suddenly launches itself 

 into the air with a strong and rapid flight. Mrs. Cowl says (En/. Rec, 

 xiii., p. 155) that various specimens that she had under observation, took 

 from 40 minutes to 2 hours from the time that the wings began to expand 

 until they were put down to rest, e.g., one specimen began to expand its 

 wings at 10.35 P- m -j they seemed fully grown at 11.5 p.m., but were 

 not put down till 11.35 P- m -> e tc Each imago watched, she says, 

 rested with the two lower legs crossed, after the first few minutes, 

 till it closed its wings, when it used the six. Time of emergence : 

 Mathew and others have observed that the imagines generally emerge 

 towards night. Verloren says (TV. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3), i., p. 63) : 

 " Schroter states that 16 specimens left the pupae between 4 p.m. 

 and 7 p.m. in the evening, which has been proved by experiments 

 of my own." Groves adds (loc. cit., p. 69) a table of results 

 from 14 bred in 1858, kept in a warm place under a bell-glass, 

 on damp moss, 13 emerging, the last two crippled, viz., $ , 

 September ist between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m.; $ , September 16th, 

 between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m.; $ , September 16th, at 11 p.m.; 

 $\ September 17th, at 9 p.m.; 2, September 21st, time doubtful; 

 2, September 23rd, at 11 a.m. ; 2, September 24th, between 



6 p.m. and 10 p.m. ; 2 , September 24th, between 10 p.m. and 

 8 a.m.; $ , September 25th, at 7 a.m.; 2, October 2nd, 2 and 

 $ , October 9th, 2, October 10th, all between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. 

 Anderson says (Ent. Rec, vii., p. 86) that the favourite time 

 for emergence is between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. and after they 

 have been treated to a shower-bath. Livett observes that several 

 he reared all emerged between 9 p.m. and 10 p.m. Mrs. 

 Cowl gives details (Ent. Rec, xiii., p. 155) of emergences as 

 follows: 10.30 p.m., in the night, another in the night, 10.30 p.m., 

 5.55 p.m., 9.30 p.m., 11.25 P- m -j an d one at 7 a.m. Burrows, however, 

 notes (loc. cit., p. 156) : Of 30 specimens bred in 1900-r, 15 appeared 

 after midnight, i.e., between that and 6 a.m., 1 between 6 a.m. and 



7 a.m., 1 at 8 a.m., 1 at noon, 1 at 3 p.m., 1 at 4.30 p.m., 2 at 

 5.30 p.m., 4 at 9.30 p.m., 2 at 10.40 p.m., 2 not noted = 3o. They 

 take, he says, at least 2 hours on an average to expand their wings 

 and he leaves them at least 12 hours longer to get thoroughly dry. 

 Glenny records (loc. cit., p. 157) that, of 77 imagines reared in 1900, in no 

 case did a single imago emerge before evening, the usual time being 

 between 10 p.m. and 12 p.m. Russell notes (Ent. Rec, xii., p. 345) 

 rearing 5, all of which emerged in the evening or at night, whilst 

 Edmunds also asserts (Ent. Wk. Lit., v., p. 117) that the moths 

 emerge almost without exception during the night ; he states that 

 he has allowed them to fly around the room but avers that they were 

 soon satisfied, and would, while still uttering their squeaking notes, 

 hastily retire and settle in some dark part of the room. Burrows 

 confirms {in lift.) this, and avers that a high temperature is 

 necessary for natural flight, that, after flight, a dark corner is 

 chosen in which to rest, and that the difference in the behaviour 

 of the moths at high and ordinary temperatures is sufficiently 

 convincing that the moth is not a native. Uhl records (///. 

 Zeits. fur Ent., iv., pp. 212-213) an imago emerging in June, 



