APPENDIX. 



495 



the pupa from this time onwards is very gradual, the first portions to 

 change colour being the head and eyes, which slowly deepen 

 to a blackish-brown, and by the 15th of the month the antennae and legs 

 had asserted themselves darkly through the skin. The entire pupa has 

 now become strongly marked with minute dark freckling; on the 

 dorsal region these freckles have taken the form of transverse lines, 

 doubtless on the basis of the larval skinfolds ; the ventral area and 

 wings also develop a quantity of dark freckling, but it was not 

 until November 20th that the pattern of the wings began to be 

 visible through the pupal skin ; these quickly intensified, and, on 

 the 23rd, were fully pronounced, and the wings were almost covered 

 with the markings in a dark olive-black. The dorsal region had 

 also darkened to a like degree of the same colour, and the transverse 

 series of freckled lines was almost lost in the general deepening 

 of the olive-black tint. On the 25th of the month the pattern of 

 the wings through the pupal skin was most distinctly defined and 

 the ocellated spot on the metathoracic segment sharply visible, 

 i.e., the marking formed on the shoulder of the imaginal forewing. 

 The whole pupa was now very dark, the pupal skin semitransparent 

 with the appearance of tracing-paper. The pupa was still very quiet. 

 The imago emerged on November 26th, the pupal condition having 

 lasted 37 days, the pupa being kept at an average temperature 

 (day and night) of 70 F. (Doliman). Powell says that the newly- 

 formed pupa is at first almost white, although the black spiracular 

 patches, the ventral black line, and dark dorsal markings 

 are already present, that it darkens steadily for a few days, and 

 is finally pale yellowish-brown on wing-cases, leg- and antenna- 

 cases, rather darker on ventral area of abdominal segments and darker 

 still on the back. The wing-, leg- and antenna-cases have a smooth 

 surface. A shiny black line with an incision down the centre runs 

 from between the eyes, separating the wing-cases and ending just 

 beyond the tips of the wings. A rather thick black line runs down 

 the back of the thorax, and there is a short one on the head, 

 continuing the shiny ventral line after a slight break. The spiracles 

 enclosed in rather large irregularly rounded black patches. The 

 following are a few measurements taken of various-sized pupae — 

 3 $ , and 3 ? : 





Width at 



shoulders of 



wing-case. 



Width at 3rd 

 abdominal 

 segment. 



Total length 



from top of head 



to extremity of 



cremastral spike 



1st pupa S ■ ■ 



I7-5mm. 



1 7 -5mm. 



66'6mm. 



2nd ,, S . . 



165 >> 



17-0 „ 



69-0 „ 



3rd „ j .. .. 



16-8 „ 



17-0 „ 



727 >, 



4th ,, ? .. .. 



I5-4 » 



16-2 ,, 



68-o „ 



5th ,, 2 .. .. 



17° <> 



I 7'5 >> 



72'0 „ 



6th ,, 2 .. .. 



16-5 ,, 



17-8 „ 



75'° » 



[Page 258 ] Pupal development. — The length of the pupal state 

 varies very much, and naturally depends upon the temperature. My 

 pupae of July, 1900, produced moths in a little over 15 days. 

 Those formed in the beginning or middle of September usually 

 hatch in three weeks, whilst this year (1903) early October pupae 



