SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF VOLS. I TO IV. 



515 



Ch. vii. The Variation of the Imagines of the Lepidoptera. 



Some variation general in all insects, 60. Concealment the main defence ol 

 insects. — Colours of lepidoptera due to pigment, 61, or refraction. — Resem- 

 blance to surroundings a protection, 62. Undersides of butterflies — Colour 

 of moths on reeds — on tree-trunks — on walls — among trees and grass. — 

 Melanism and melanochroism, 63 ; in London and the manufacturing districts 

 — on rocks, &c, 64. Effect of moisture — of temperature, 65. Albinism. — 

 Xanthism, 66. "Leaf" butterflies. — Imitation of nauseous insects. — Sexual 

 dimorphism, 67. Views of Darwin and Wallace. — Seasonal dimorphism in size 

 and colour. — Effect of temperature in hastening development and decreasing size. 

 — Standfuss's experiments, 68. AVet and dry seasonal forms ; spring and 

 summer forms, 69 ; lowland and alpine, northern and southern, eastern and 

 western forms. — Weismann's view of colour-variation criticized, 70. Wings 

 gradually developed from embryo to imago. Final development influenced by 

 circumstances in all stages, 72 ; most readily in the pupa. -Excess ot heat or 

 cold injurious, 73, and produces aberration, 74. 



Ch. viii. The Protective Coloration and Defensive Structures of Larvae. 

 Specialization of larvae often independent of other stages. — Protective 

 devices, 76; Imitation of galls. — Packard's view on ancestral larval forms, 77. 

 Imitation of bird -droppings — of foodplant in Iodis vernaria, Geometra 

 papilionaria, 78. Emmelesia unifasciata, Rumia luteolata, Eupithecia exten- 

 saria, Hybocampa milhauseri, 79, the Smerinthids, Deilephila hippophaes, 

 Stauropus fagi, 80, the Schizurae, Declana roccoas, Cleora Hchenaria, 

 Amphidasys betularia, 81, Panolis piniperda, Anarta myrtilli, Anticlea 

 cucullata, Cidaria sagittata, Eutricha quercifolia. — Protective resemblance to 

 general surroundings of foodplant in Deilephila euphorbiae, Papilio machaon, 

 Charaxes jasius, 82, Acronycta leporina. — -Protective mimicry in American 

 Acronyctids, 83. Protective attitudes of Selenia, Zonosoma. Rumia luteolata, 

 Amphidasys betularia. — Resemblance to twigs increased by fleshy tubercles or 

 lateral hairs, 84, in Geometrids, Catocalids, Lasiocampids, 85. Influence of 

 foodplant on colour— phytophagic, 86, phytoscopic — Poulton's experiments, 

 87 ; Miss Gould's. 88. Structural cause of variation in larva of A. betularia. — 

 Origin of spines, warts, humps, &c, 89. Mode of protection of Phorodesma 

 smaragdaria and P. pustularia. Warning colours and terrifying marks. 90, in 

 Aglia tau, Choerocampa, Stauropus fagi, Symmerista albifrons, Schizura 

 concinna. — Imitation ot fruit and flowers, 91 ; of spiders and reptiles. — 

 Terrifying appearance of Cerura, 92. Unique development of Stauropus. — 

 Utility of movable tubercles —Movable spines of Saturniids. 93. Eversible 

 glands; chin-gland; osmateria, 94. Elagella 95. Dorsal glands, 96. Pores 

 on edge of back of some Limacodids. — Fluid-bearing hairs. Odour of 

 Jocheaera alni.— " Honey-glands," 97. Attendance of ants a protection. — 

 "Stinging-spines." — Protection of Basilarchia arthemis, 98. Protective 

 excretions from the mouth. — Habit of "licking" the back. — Hairs and spines 

 inedible, 99. Urticating hairs. — Commensalism in certain American larvae, 100. 

 Carnivorous larvae. Protection -from damp by means of waxy powder. — 

 Protective devices necessarily passive, 101. 



Ch. ix. Classification of Lepidoptera. 



Sound classification must be based on all stages, 102. Authorities consulted, 

 103. Classificatory value of the jugum — the frenulum — neuration, 104 — 

 movable incisions in pupae - hooks on prolegs of larvae— larval tubercles, 105. 

 Objections to Comstock's division ; to Packard's, 106. Dyar's grouping by 

 tubercles, 107, in connection with Chapman's researches on ovum and pupa, 

 108. give three main stirpes. — Position of Pterophorids, 109. Reason for 

 position assigned to Micropterygids, Eriocraniids and Hepialids, no. 

 Changes from Dyar's and Hampson's groupings — general conclusions, III. 



Phylogenetic Tree, illustratin 



development of Lepidoptera 

 from a hypothetic base . . 



Sphingo-Micropterygid Stirps 



General characteristics. —Pack- 

 ard's division. 114. Anther's 

 division— Affinities of the super- 

 families included — Larval tu- 



PAGE. 



the 



"3 



114 



PAGE. 



bercles, 115. Relationship of 

 the Microptervgids to the Stirps 

 — of the Xepticulids to the Eu- 

 cleids — Dyar's Anthrocerina, 

 116. Affinities of the Heter- 

 ogynides, 117; of the Psychids 

 — of the Pterophorids, 118. 

 Egg of this stirps— Variety in 



