﻿46 
  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  obtained 
  by 
  Caradja, 
  consisted 
  of 
  17 
  3 
  s 
  and 
  14 
  ? 
  s. 
  These 
  were 
  more 
  

   variable 
  than 
  the 
  former 
  cross-product, 
  but, 
  on 
  the 
  whole, 
  inclined 
  towards 
  

   var. 
  rustica 
  (Handbuch, 
  etc., 
  pp. 
  224-225, 
  pi. 
  iv., 
  figs. 
  9-11). 
  Earlier 
  

   specimens 
  of 
  this 
  cross 
  were 
  reared 
  by 
  Caradja, 
  in 
  1894, 
  and 
  named 
  

   by 
  him 
  standfussi 
  [Soc. 
  Ent., 
  ix., 
  p. 
  43 
  (see 
  Ent. 
  Bee, 
  v., 
  p. 
  189)] 
  ; 
  he 
  

   further 
  notes 
  that 
  his 
  experience 
  of 
  this 
  crossing 
  was 
  that 
  every 
  egg 
  

   yielded 
  a 
  larva. 
  In 
  1895, 
  Caradja 
  gave 
  further 
  results 
  (Soc. 
  Ent., 
  x., 
  

   no. 
  7) 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  translated 
  in 
  full 
  (Ent. 
  Bee, 
  vii., 
  pp. 
  75-78). 
  

   The 
  results 
  of 
  two 
  fairly 
  large 
  broods 
  were 
  very 
  different, 
  one 
  producing 
  a 
  

   very 
  variable 
  lot 
  of 
  $ 
  s, 
  consisting 
  of 
  (1) 
  24 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  var. 
  standfussi 
  

   (a 
  form 
  exactly 
  intermediate 
  between 
  the 
  dark 
  smoky-grey 
  of 
  $ 
  mendica 
  

   and 
  the 
  milk-white 
  of 
  $ 
  rustica, 
  etc.). 
  (2) 
  83 
  percent, 
  of 
  var. 
  mus 
  (a 
  

   darker 
  form 
  nearer 
  $ 
  mendica, 
  but 
  distinctly 
  lighter 
  grey, 
  etc.). 
  (3) 
  23 
  

   per 
  cent, 
  of 
  var. 
  clara 
  of 
  a 
  pale 
  dirty 
  yellow 
  colour. 
  (4) 
  20 
  per 
  cent, 
  

   which 
  form 
  transitions 
  between 
  the 
  forms 
  described. 
  The 
  second 
  batch 
  

   yielded 
  imagines, 
  most 
  of 
  which 
  he 
  said 
  must 
  be 
  considered 
  genuine 
  

   standfussi, 
  but 
  were 
  more 
  strongly 
  dotted 
  than 
  the 
  original 
  of 
  that 
  form 
  ; 
  

   three 
  examples, 
  however, 
  called 
  var. 
  mixta 
  are 
  as 
  pale 
  as 
  the 
  form 
  clara 
  

   on 
  the 
  thorax, 
  discoidal 
  cell 
  of 
  forewings, 
  and 
  outer 
  margin 
  of 
  fringes 
  of 
  

   all 
  wings, 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  wing 
  area 
  thickly 
  sprinkled 
  with 
  black 
  dots. 
  

   Standfuss 
  gives 
  three 
  figures 
  of 
  this 
  cross 
  (Handbuch, 
  etc., 
  pi. 
  iv., 
  figs. 
  

   9, 
  10, 
  11) 
  of 
  which 
  fig. 
  9 
  is 
  noted 
  as 
  clara, 
  fig. 
  10 
  as 
  standfussi 
  and 
  fig. 
  

   11 
  as 
  mus. 
  Caradja 
  concludes 
  that 
  the 
  $ 
  of 
  these 
  crosses 
  determines 
  

   far 
  more 
  essentially 
  the 
  external 
  facies 
  of 
  the 
  mongrel 
  than 
  the 
  ? 
  , 
  and 
  

   asserts 
  that 
  var. 
  rustica 
  is 
  the 
  older 
  form 
  phylogenetically, 
  a 
  conclusion 
  

   with 
  which 
  we 
  entirely 
  agree. 
  Caradja 
  further 
  notes 
  that 
  the 
  mongrel 
  

   forms 
  interbreed 
  freely, 
  £.//., 
  standfussi 
  $ 
  s 
  and 
  2 
  s, 
  14 
  pairings; 
  standfussi 
  

   $ 
  X 
  mendica 
  $ 
  and 
  standfussi 
  $ 
  x 
  rustica 
  £ 
  > 
  24 
  pairings, 
  every 
  one 
  

   of 
  which 
  produced 
  fertile 
  ova. 
  One 
  can 
  only 
  suppose 
  that 
  Caradja's 
  

   comparative 
  failure 
  in 
  obtaining 
  fertile 
  eggs 
  of 
  mendica 
  $ 
  x 
  rustica 
  $ 
  

   must 
  have 
  been 
  due 
  to 
  quite 
  outside 
  circumstances. 
  The 
  experiments 
  

   point 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  rustica 
  $ 
  or 
  ? 
  has 
  more 
  to 
  do 
  with 
  deter- 
  

   mining 
  the 
  facies 
  of 
  the 
  progeny 
  than 
  has 
  mendica. 
  His 
  later 
  note 
  

   (Entorn., 
  xxxii., 
  p. 
  296), 
  referring 
  to 
  the 
  crossing 
  of 
  rustica 
  £ 
  x 
  stand- 
  

   fussi 
  2 
  , 
  gives 
  no 
  further 
  particulars 
  of 
  importance. 
  

  

  6. 
  Emydia 
  Candida 
  $ 
  x 
  cribrum 
  ? 
  . 
  — 
  Schultz 
  records 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  

   a 
  crossing 
  between 
  the 
  well-known 
  Alpine 
  white 
  Candida 
  and 
  typical 
  

   cribrum. 
  He 
  notes 
  (Intern. 
  Ent. 
  ZeiU. 
  Guben, 
  1895, 
  pp. 
  184-185) 
  that, 
  

   of 
  17 
  imagines 
  reared, 
  15 
  were 
  of 
  the 
  cribrum 
  and 
  only 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  

   Candida 
  form. 
  

  

  Oporabia 
  filigrammaria 
  x 
  autumnata. 
  — 
  Allen, 
  who 
  has 
  wide 
  

   experience 
  in 
  breeding 
  these 
  insects, 
  considers 
  filigrammaria 
  the 
  

   moorland 
  and 
  autumnata 
  the 
  woodland 
  (lowiand) 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  

   species. 
  They 
  pair 
  readily, 
  and 
  the 
  offspring 
  are 
  freely 
  fertile 
  inter 
  se. 
  

   The 
  imagines 
  in 
  their 
  extreme 
  forms 
  appear 
  to 
  overlap, 
  some 
  specimens 
  

   of 
  autumnata 
  being 
  hardly, 
  if 
  at 
  all, 
  distinguishable 
  from 
  the 
  lightest 
  

   forms 
  of 
  filigrammaria, 
  etc. 
  In 
  1900, 
  Allen 
  reared 
  larvae 
  of 
  autumnata 
  

   (Fermanagh) 
  and 
  filigrammaria 
  (Lancashire) 
  ; 
  and 
  by 
  retarding 
  pupae 
  

   of 
  the 
  latter, 
  the 
  imagines 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  forms 
  were 
  brought 
  out 
  at 
  the 
  

   same 
  time 
  so 
  that 
  four 
  pairings 
  resulted, 
  viz., 
  three 
  of 
  filigrammaria 
  

   $ 
  X 
  autumnata 
  $ 
  and 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  reciprocal 
  cross 
  (autumnata 
  £ 
  x 
  

   filvjrammaria 
  2 
  ). 
  

  

  7. 
  Oporabia 
  filigrammaria 
  $ 
  x 
  autumnata 
  ? 
  •— 
  ( 
  a 
  ) 
  The 
  progeny 
  

  

  