﻿106 
  BRITISH 
  LEPI£>OPTERA. 
  

  

  trative 
  diagrammatic 
  plate, 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  tubercles" 
  of 
  a 
  typical 
  

   abdominal 
  segment 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  larva? 
  of 
  Eucnemidoplwrus 
  rhodo- 
  

   dactyla 
  (fig. 
  4), 
  Aciptilia\ 
  tetradactyla 
  (fig. 
  5), 
  Leioptilus 
  carphodactylus 
  

   var. 
  buphthalmi 
  (fig. 
  6), 
  Oxyptilus 
  leonuri 
  (fig. 
  7), 
  Platyptilia 
  gonodactyla 
  

   (fig. 
  8), 
  and 
  Leioptilus 
  distinctus 
  (fig. 
  9) 
  are 
  exhibited. 
  He 
  also 
  shows 
  

   a 
  typical 
  abdominal 
  segment 
  in 
  the 
  1st 
  larval 
  stadium 
  of 
  Pterophorus 
  

   monodactyla 
  (fig. 
  12), 
  etc. 
  His 
  figures, 
  at 
  any 
  rate, 
  broadly 
  support 
  

   his 
  grouping, 
  based 
  on 
  general 
  characters. 
  He 
  further 
  figures 
  the 
  

   tubercles 
  of 
  a 
  thoracic 
  segment 
  of 
  Stenoptilia 
  pelidnodactyla 
  (fig. 
  10), 
  

   and 
  of 
  Platyptilia 
  gonodactyla 
  (fig. 
  11). 
  His 
  details 
  of 
  the 
  Alucitid 
  

   larval 
  tubercles 
  {pp. 
  cit., 
  iii., 
  pp. 
  151 
  et 
  seq.) 
  are 
  worthy 
  of 
  study. 
  

  

  We 
  are 
  indebted 
  to 
  Bacot 
  and 
  Chapman 
  for 
  the 
  tabulation 
  embodying 
  

   the 
  chief 
  larval 
  characters 
  inserted 
  here 
  on 
  separate 
  sheet. 
  

  

  The 
  fullfed 
  larva, 
  in 
  preparation 
  for 
  pupation, 
  rarely 
  spins 
  a 
  

   definite 
  cocoon, 
  although 
  this 
  is 
  done 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  certain 
  Platyp- 
  

   tiliids, 
  e.g., 
  Platyptilia 
  gonodactyla 
  and 
  P. 
  isodactylits, 
  and 
  also 
  by 
  at 
  

   least 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  Leioptilids, 
  viz., 
  Adaina 
  microdactyla. 
  Generally, 
  

   however, 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  quite 
  exposed, 
  a 
  silken 
  pad 
  alone 
  being 
  spun 
  by 
  

   the 
  larva, 
  into 
  which 
  the 
  cremastral 
  hooks 
  are 
  later 
  fastened. 
  Chap- 
  

   man 
  gives 
  (Entom., 
  xxxiii., 
  pp. 
  82 
  et 
  seq.) 
  a 
  most 
  interesting 
  account 
  

   of 
  the 
  pupal 
  suspension 
  of 
  the 
  Alucitids. 
  They 
  may 
  be 
  suspended 
  in 
  

   all 
  attitudes, 
  e.g., 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  upwards 
  or 
  downwards, 
  on 
  a 
  vertical 
  

   surface, 
  the 
  dorsum 
  downwards 
  under 
  a 
  horizontal 
  one, 
  etc. 
  The 
  

   suspension 
  is 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  cremaster 
  only, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  silken 
  belt, 
  and 
  

   the 
  attachment 
  is 
  made 
  to 
  a 
  silken 
  pad 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  the 
  cremastral 
  

   area, 
  consisting 
  of 
  two 
  portions, 
  a 
  forward 
  portion 
  on 
  the 
  8th 
  

   abdominal 
  segment, 
  and 
  a 
  hinder 
  portion 
  on 
  the 
  10th, 
  the 
  latter, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  stretching 
  forward 
  until 
  the 
  anterior 
  cremastral 
  hooks 
  on 
  the 
  

   10th 
  appear 
  to 
  meet 
  the 
  posterior 
  ones 
  on 
  the 
  8th 
  segment. 
  The 
  larvae 
  

   of 
  Porrittia 
  (Aciptilia) 
  galactodactyla 
  pupate 
  beneath 
  a 
  leaf, 
  the 
  pupa? 
  

   are, 
  therefore, 
  often 
  inverted, 
  and 
  pupation 
  takes 
  place 
  after 
  two 
  days' 
  

   quiescence. 
  When 
  the 
  moult 
  takes 
  place, 
  the 
  larva 
  holds 
  on 
  by 
  the 
  

   anal 
  prolegs 
  only, 
  the 
  props 
  of 
  the 
  ventral 
  prolegs 
  standing 
  out 
  stiffly, 
  

   but 
  with 
  the 
  hooks 
  free 
  from, 
  although 
  touching, 
  the 
  silk. 
  J 
  The 
  

   moulting 
  is 
  done 
  rather 
  rapidly, 
  within 
  about 
  15 
  minutes 
  from 
  the 
  

   first 
  efforts 
  noticed. 
  The 
  rhythmic 
  movements, 
  beginning 
  at 
  the 
  last 
  

   segments, 
  at 
  first 
  push 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments, 
  about 
  the 
  2nd 
  to 
  6th, 
  

   forwards 
  within 
  the 
  larval 
  skin, 
  as 
  evidenced 
  by 
  the 
  tracheal 
  threads, 
  

   very 
  plainly 
  seen 
  through 
  the 
  transparent 
  skin 
  being 
  withdrawn 
  from 
  

   the 
  pupal 
  spiracles 
  ; 
  when 
  the 
  larval 
  skin 
  has 
  passed 
  backwards 
  about 
  

   one 
  segment, 
  all 
  the 
  abdominal 
  tracheae 
  are 
  withdrawn 
  more 
  or 
  less, 
  

   the 
  first 
  not 
  quite 
  a 
  full 
  segment's 
  length 
  ; 
  the 
  thoracic 
  segments 
  are 
  

  

  * 
  These 
  must 
  be 
  considered 
  as 
  purely 
  diagrammatic, 
  and 
  none 
  too 
  accurate. 
  

   Compare 
  Dyar 
  (Ent. 
  Rec, 
  xi., 
  pi. 
  i., 
  tig. 
  4) 
  with 
  Hofmann's 
  fig. 
  4 
  as 
  here 
  

   indicated. 
  

  

  f 
  Generic 
  synonymy 
  as 
  used 
  by 
  Hofmann 
  retained 
  here. 
  

  

  I 
  Chapman 
  writes 
  (Ent., 
  xxxiii., 
  p. 
  83): 
  "How 
  this 
  happens 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  

   ascertain. 
  In 
  many 
  Pierids 
  the 
  body 
  hangs 
  arched 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  silken 
  pad, 
  

   preventing 
  the 
  ventral 
  prolegs 
  from 
  touching 
  it 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  know 
  how 
  this 
  is 
  

   managed 
  in 
  the 
  Pierids, 
  Papilionids, 
  and 
  Lyceenids, 
  where 
  the 
  prolegs 
  touch 
  the 
  

   pad, 
  as 
  they 
  certainly 
  do 
  in 
  Aciptilia 
  (Porrittia) 
  galactodactyla. 
  The 
  anal 
  prolegs 
  

   hold 
  well, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  must 
  be 
  managed 
  differently 
  from 
  the 
  ventral 
  ones. 
  It 
  is 
  

   less 
  difficult 
  to 
  understand 
  how 
  all 
  the 
  prolegs 
  take 
  no 
  hold, 
  as 
  in 
  pupae 
  in 
  cocoons, 
  

   etc." 
  

  

  