﻿GENERAL 
  BIOLOGICAL 
  CHARACTERS 
  OF 
  THE 
  ALUCITIDES. 
  107 
  

  

  now 
  crowded 
  forwards, 
  and 
  the 
  stretching 
  of 
  the 
  larval 
  skin 
  raises 
  the 
  

   front 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  larva 
  from 
  the 
  surface 
  in 
  a 
  curve. 
  Shortly 
  it 
  is 
  seen 
  

   that 
  the 
  anal 
  segments 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  still 
  occupy 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  larva, 
  and 
  

   the 
  skin, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  pushed 
  backwards, 
  gathers 
  in 
  a 
  roll 
  on 
  the 
  8th 
  

   abdominal 
  segment. 
  The 
  skin 
  splits 
  dorsally 
  down 
  the 
  head 
  and 
  

   thoracic 
  segments, 
  but 
  not 
  quite 
  to 
  the 
  hind 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  3rd 
  one. 
  

   The 
  uncoiling 
  of 
  the 
  antennae 
  from 
  within 
  the 
  larval 
  head 
  is 
  easily 
  seen. 
  

   The 
  crest 
  of 
  hairs 
  on 
  the 
  pupal 
  wing 
  enables 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  seen 
  occupying 
  

   its 
  own 
  segment 
  in 
  the 
  larva, 
  and 
  rapidly 
  expanding 
  as 
  it 
  assumes 
  its 
  

   pupal 
  direction 
  and 
  position 
  : 
  When 
  once 
  the 
  skin 
  splits 
  it 
  slips 
  back 
  

   rather 
  rapidly, 
  and 
  one 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  alert 
  to 
  see 
  what 
  is 
  happening 
  ; 
  it 
  

   continues 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  roll 
  round 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal 
  segment. 
  Just 
  before 
  

   the 
  posterior 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  opening 
  reaches 
  here, 
  the 
  9th 
  and 
  10th 
  

   segments 
  are 
  seen 
  within 
  the 
  larval 
  skin 
  to 
  be 
  actively 
  directing 
  the 
  

   extremity 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  dorsally, 
  and 
  pushing 
  the 
  dorsal 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  roll 
  

   of 
  larva-skin 
  backwards; 
  tbe 
  pupal 
  extremity 
  thus 
  curls 
  forwards, 
  with 
  

   a 
  definite 
  step 
  at 
  each 
  vermicular 
  movement, 
  and, 
  before 
  one 
  quite 
  

   expects 
  it, 
  it 
  appears 
  through 
  the 
  opening 
  dorsally. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  the 
  stiff 
  

   spike 
  one 
  knows 
  in 
  the 
  mature 
  pupa, 
  but 
  contorts 
  itself 
  as 
  actively 
  as 
  

   the 
  same 
  segments 
  in 
  the 
  most 
  lively 
  Tortricid 
  or 
  Tineid 
  larva, 
  

   bending 
  not 
  only 
  at 
  the 
  incisions 
  of 
  the 
  segments, 
  but 
  in 
  their 
  length. 
  

   It 
  then 
  stretches 
  and 
  pushes 
  over 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  larva- 
  skin, 
  and 
  reaches 
  

   the 
  silken 
  carpet 
  ; 
  the 
  remainder 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  then 
  leaves 
  the 
  larva- 
  

   skin 
  and 
  pushes 
  it 
  away." 
  The 
  larval 
  skin 
  accumulates 
  round 
  the 
  8th 
  

   abdominal 
  segment 
  and 
  ventrally 
  remains 
  there, 
  whilst 
  dorsally, 
  as 
  

   noted 
  above, 
  it 
  is 
  pushed 
  further 
  back 
  by 
  the 
  9th 
  and 
  10th 
  segments, 
  

   which 
  thus 
  escape 
  from 
  the 
  dorsal 
  slit 
  in 
  the 
  larval 
  skin, 
  and 
  find 
  the 
  

   silken 
  pad 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  crem 
  astral 
  hooks 
  on 
  the 
  10th 
  abdominal 
  

   segment 
  become 
  fixed 
  .... 
  The 
  cremastral 
  hooks 
  on 
  the 
  under- 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal 
  segment, 
  which, 
  like 
  the 
  anal 
  ones, 
  are 
  

   already 
  stiff 
  and 
  chitinised, 
  stand 
  out 
  like 
  a 
  brush 
  and 
  form 
  an 
  obstacle 
  

   to 
  the 
  further 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  larval 
  skin 
  backwards. 
  One 
  specimen, 
  

   arrested 
  at 
  the 
  critical 
  moment 
  when 
  the 
  cremaster 
  was 
  freed, 
  had 
  these 
  

   hooks 
  in 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  pocket 
  of 
  the 
  larval 
  skin, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  anterior 
  lip 
  

   was 
  the 
  roll 
  of 
  larval 
  skin, 
  the 
  posterior 
  the 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  slit 
  in 
  the 
  

   larval 
  skin, 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  degree 
  the 
  roll 
  of 
  dorsal 
  skin 
  behind 
  this 
  and 
  

   the 
  inside 
  of 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  the 
  anal 
  prolegs 
  of 
  the 
  larva. 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  

   noted 
  that 
  the 
  last 
  segments 
  are 
  very 
  soft 
  and 
  mobile 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  under- 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal, 
  being 
  sharply 
  curved 
  and 
  made 
  very 
  

   convex 
  by 
  the 
  dorsal 
  movements 
  of 
  the 
  9th 
  and 
  10th, 
  spreads 
  the 
  

   cremastral 
  hooks 
  of 
  its 
  armature 
  in 
  a 
  radiating 
  manner, 
  so 
  that, 
  

   taken 
  together, 
  they 
  form 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  knob 
  in 
  the 
  pocket 
  of 
  larva-skin, 
  

   and 
  hold 
  the 
  pupa 
  firmly 
  and 
  safely. 
  It 
  is 
  evident 
  that, 
  when 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  seizes 
  the 
  pad 
  of 
  silk 
  and 
  the 
  pupa 
  then 
  straightens 
  

   itself, 
  the 
  radiating 
  hooks 
  will 
  fall 
  together 
  ami 
  easily 
  free 
  themselves 
  

   from 
  the 
  pocket. 
  There 
  is, 
  however, 
  a 
  second 
  string 
  to 
  the 
  bow. 
  One 
  

  

  * 
  Chapman 
  notes 
  (loc. 
  cit., 
  p. 
  84) 
  : 
  " 
  The 
  larva 
  of 
  .(. 
  galactodactyla 
  has 
  

   many 
  stiff 
  hairs, 
  and 
  it 
  seemed 
  that 
  the 
  Larva, 
  when 
  inverted, 
  maintained 
  it> 
  

   position, 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  swing 
  free, 
  Like 
  a 
  Vanessid, 
  by 
  the 
  pressure 
  of 
  the 
  hairs 
  of 
  the 
  

   last 
  segments 
  posterior 
  to 
  the 
  prolegs, 
  against 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  suspension. 
  This 
  

   does 
  not 
  explain, 
  however, 
  how 
  the 
  problem 
  is 
  met 
  in 
  the 
  smoother 
  lar\a\ 
  if. 
  

   indeed, 
  these 
  do 
  assume 
  so 
  difficult 
  a 
  position. 
  Agdistis, 
  for 
  instance, 
  takes 
  

   usually 
  a 
  vertical 
  attitude 
  with 
  head 
  downwards." 
  

  

  