﻿GENERAL 
  BIOLOGICAL 
  CHARACTERS 
  OF 
  THE 
  ALUCITIDES. 
  109 
  

  

  possesses 
  a 
  very 
  special 
  and 
  elaborate 
  set 
  of 
  terminal 
  hooks, 
  supple- 
  

   mented 
  by 
  a 
  separate 
  little 
  group 
  on 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal 
  segment, 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  which 
  it 
  fixes 
  itself 
  to 
  a 
  little 
  pad 
  of 
  silk, 
  and 
  has 
  thus 
  

   acquired 
  a 
  habit 
  which 
  no 
  other 
  generalised 
  pupa 
  presents, 
  viz., 
  it 
  

   attaches 
  itself 
  by 
  this 
  cremaster 
  and 
  has 
  no 
  power 
  of 
  progression, 
  

   although 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  peculiar 
  cremaster 
  of 
  the 
  Alucitids, 
  

   consisting 
  of 
  an 
  anal 
  and 
  a 
  forward 
  portion, 
  is 
  paralleled 
  in 
  Elachista 
  

   and 
  Yponomeuta, 
  although 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  indicate 
  an 
  alliance, 
  

   whilst 
  Hypercallia 
  and 
  Anchinia 
  have 
  the 
  same 
  habit 
  of 
  pupal 
  attach- 
  

   ment. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  great 
  variety 
  in 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  pupa, 
  some 
  pupae 
  

   being 
  quite 
  simple 
  and 
  smooth, 
  with 
  a 
  plain 
  and 
  delicate 
  pupal 
  skin, 
  

   e.g., 
  Adkinia 
  zophodactylus, 
  others 
  have 
  various 
  elaborate 
  hooks, 
  

   processes, 
  and 
  recurved 
  spines, 
  e.g., 
  Marasmarcha 
  lunaedactyla 
  (phaeo- 
  

   dactyla) 
  and 
  Amblyptilia 
  cosmodactyla 
  (acavthodactyla) 
  , 
  whilst 
  yet 
  

   others 
  have 
  a 
  most 
  confusing 
  panoply 
  of 
  hairs, 
  e.g., 
  Wheeleria 
  mega- 
  

   dactyla 
  (spilodactyla). 
  On 
  the 
  whole, 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  forms 
  appear 
  to 
  

   belong 
  to 
  the 
  Platyptiliine, 
  the 
  last 
  to 
  the 
  Alucitine, 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  stirps. 
  

   Apart 
  from 
  the 
  thorough-going 
  micro 
  characters 
  of 
  the 
  Alucitid 
  pupa, 
  

   it 
  is 
  separated 
  not 
  only 
  from 
  Orneodes, 
  but 
  also 
  from 
  Chrysocorys, 
  by 
  

   the 
  extreme 
  reduction 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  headpiece. 
  So 
  reduced 
  is 
  this 
  that 
  

   its 
  presence 
  would 
  be 
  doubted 
  in 
  some 
  species, 
  but 
  that, 
  as 
  stated 
  

   above, 
  it 
  carries 
  with 
  it 
  the 
  eyecovers, 
  as 
  in 
  typical 
  micro 
  dehiscence 
  

   (Chapman). 
  

  

  The 
  pupa, 
  in 
  other 
  ways, 
  affords 
  many 
  characters 
  that 
  are 
  most 
  

   unusual 
  in 
  lepidopterous 
  superfamilies, 
  although 
  here 
  and 
  there 
  

   paralleled, 
  perhaps, 
  in 
  groups 
  with 
  which 
  the 
  Alucitids 
  can 
  have 
  no 
  

   really 
  near 
  relationship. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  of 
  these 
  points 
  

   are 
  : 
  (1) 
  The 
  remarkable 
  manner 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  larval 
  tubercles 
  are 
  

   carried 
  over 
  into 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage. 
  In 
  this 
  particular 
  the 
  tendency 
  is 
  

   even 
  greater 
  than 
  that 
  exhibited 
  in 
  certain 
  Lymantriid 
  moths. 
  (2) 
  

   The 
  carrying 
  over 
  of 
  the 
  peculiar 
  raised 
  larval 
  spiracle 
  to 
  the 
  pupal 
  

   stage 
  ; 
  sufficient 
  variation, 
  occurs 
  in 
  this 
  to 
  make 
  it 
  possibly 
  of 
  

   classificatory 
  value. 
  (8) 
  The 
  constancy 
  with 
  which 
  certain 
  trans- 
  

   verse 
  striations 
  or 
  corrugations 
  are 
  developed, 
  more 
  particularly 
  on 
  the 
  

   dorsum 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  abdominal 
  segments. 
  These 
  also 
  are 
  subject 
  to 
  

   considerable 
  modification, 
  and 
  are 
  undoubtedly 
  of 
  classificatory 
  value. 
  

   (4) 
  The 
  mode 
  of 
  attachment 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  by 
  the 
  anal 
  segment, 
  

   supported 
  by 
  special 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal 
  segment. 
  (5) 
  

   The 
  relations 
  existing 
  between 
  the 
  simple 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  larval 
  and 
  pupal 
  

   tubercles 
  and 
  the 
  larval 
  habit 
  of 
  feeding 
  within 
  the 
  foodplant, 
  whilst 
  

   connected 
  with 
  this 
  are 
  the 
  cocoon-forming 
  habits 
  of 
  Eucnemidophorus 
  

   rhododactyla, 
  Platyptilia 
  go?iodactyla, 
  Atlanta 
  micro 
  dactyla, 
  etc. 
  ((3) 
  

   The 
  presence 
  or 
  absence 
  of 
  hair-fringes 
  on 
  the 
  wing-nervures 
  and 
  

   antenna-cases 
  of 
  the 
  pupa. 
  (7) 
  The 
  occurrence 
  of 
  secondary 
  hairs 
  

   (other 
  than 
  the 
  primary 
  tubercular 
  hairs) 
  on 
  certain 
  pupal 
  areas, 
  the 
  

   corresponding 
  areas 
  of 
  the 
  larva 
  not 
  possessing 
  hairs. 
  These 
  mav 
  not 
  

   be 
  true 
  hairs, 
  but 
  dermal 
  developments 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  hornlike 
  processes 
  

   developed 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  pupa^ 
  from 
  the 
  general 
  skin 
  surface. 
  (8) 
  The 
  

   development 
  of 
  dorsal 
  and 
  lateral 
  ridges, 
  either 
  by 
  the 
  structural 
  

   development 
  of 
  the 
  dermis, 
  or 
  by 
  the 
  spreading 
  of 
  the 
  hairs 
  into 
  a 
  tan 
  

   lying 
  in 
  a, 
  single 
  plane. 
  The 
  classificatory 
  value 
  of 
  these 
  may 
  ho 
  

   great; 
  the 
  lateral 
  ridges 
  are 
  apparently 
  more 
  stable 
  than 
  the 
  dorsal, 
  

  

  