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  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  earliest 
  pupating 
  May 
  9th, 
  and 
  others 
  not 
  doing 
  so 
  until 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  

   month, 
  many 
  pupae, 
  however, 
  being 
  found 
  on 
  May 
  19th 
  (Ovenden) 
  ; 
  

   throughout 
  the 
  spring 
  until 
  June 
  8th, 
  1904, 
  at 
  Benfleet 
  (Whittle) 
  ; 
  

   larvae 
  again 
  abundant 
  at 
  Strood, 
  June 
  24th, 
  1904, 
  and 
  continued 
  so 
  

   for 
  nearly 
  a 
  month 
  (Ovenden). 
  

  

  Larva. 
  — 
  First 
  instar 
  (newly-hatched) 
  : 
  The 
  newly-hatched 
  larva 
  is 
  

   about 
  l-3mm. 
  long, 
  and 
  about 
  0-16mm. 
  wide; 
  head 
  very 
  little 
  larger 
  than 
  

   body, 
  black. 
  The 
  colour 
  of 
  the 
  larva 
  is 
  a 
  light 
  yellowish-green, 
  thickly 
  

   covered 
  with 
  dark 
  (black 
  ?) 
  skin-points, 
  producing 
  a 
  general 
  effect 
  of 
  

   dirty 
  olive-grey. 
  The 
  most 
  curious 
  point 
  about 
  the 
  larva 
  is 
  that 
  it 
  

   appears 
  to 
  have 
  no 
  tubercles. 
  It 
  is, 
  however, 
  just 
  possible 
  to 
  make 
  

   out 
  i, 
  ii, 
  iii, 
  iv 
  and 
  v, 
  as 
  definite 
  circles 
  rather 
  larger 
  than 
  the 
  skin- 
  

   points, 
  and 
  the 
  hairs 
  are 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  minute, 
  clubbed 
  like 
  a 
  little 
  

   triangle, 
  hardly 
  broader 
  than 
  high, 
  attached 
  at 
  one 
  angle 
  ; 
  tubercle 
  vii 
  

   bears, 
  however, 
  a 
  well- 
  developed 
  hair, 
  about 
  0-02mm. 
  long, 
  directed 
  to 
  

   the 
  surface 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  larva 
  rests. 
  On 
  the 
  prothorax, 
  this 
  tubercle 
  

   exists 
  and 
  a 
  rather 
  larger 
  hair 
  above 
  it 
  (the 
  prespiracular) 
  . 
  The 
  10th 
  

   abdominal 
  carries 
  six 
  hairs 
  on 
  either 
  side, 
  two 
  down 
  on 
  the 
  proleg, 
  or 
  

   nearly 
  so, 
  and 
  four 
  on 
  the 
  anal 
  plate, 
  of 
  which 
  two 
  are 
  rather 
  long, 
  nearly 
  

   - 
  05mm. 
  Tubercles 
  iv 
  and 
  v 
  are 
  well 
  apart, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  adult 
  larva. 
  The 
  

   anal 
  horn 
  is 
  a 
  well-developed 
  mammilla, 
  a 
  little 
  wider 
  and 
  shorter, 
  but 
  

   otherwise 
  much 
  like 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  fullgrown 
  larva, 
  it 
  carries 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  

   small 
  triangular 
  clubs 
  well 
  apart. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  distinct 
  subsegmentation 
  

   into 
  two 
  nearly 
  equal 
  portions, 
  each 
  of 
  which 
  has 
  about 
  eight 
  rows 
  of 
  

   skin-points, 
  " 
  about 
  " 
  because 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  so 
  definitely 
  in 
  rows 
  as 
  to 
  

   be 
  so 
  described 
  with 
  accuracy, 
  but 
  are 
  approximately 
  so. 
  There 
  are 
  no 
  

   prothoracic 
  horns, 
  but 
  towards 
  the 
  outer 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  anterior 
  margin 
  of 
  

   the 
  prothoracic 
  plate 
  is, 
  on 
  each 
  side, 
  a 
  triangular 
  baton, 
  much 
  larger 
  

   than 
  any 
  other, 
  although 
  one 
  on 
  the 
  hind 
  margin 
  nearer 
  the 
  middle 
  is 
  

   almost 
  as 
  large. 
  The 
  head 
  carries 
  various 
  hairs, 
  and 
  on 
  each 
  side 
  (at 
  

   least) 
  two 
  triangular 
  batons 
  ; 
  the 
  eye-spots 
  are 
  large, 
  five 
  in 
  an 
  arch 
  and 
  

   one 
  central. 
  The 
  prolegs 
  have 
  shout 
  cylindrical 
  props 
  with 
  nine 
  

   hooks, 
  forming 
  a 
  complete 
  circle, 
  hardly 
  broken 
  on 
  outer 
  side. 
  Anal 
  

   claspers 
  have 
  7 
  (or 
  8) 
  larger 
  hooks. 
  The 
  spiracles 
  are 
  large, 
  or 
  rather 
  

   are 
  short 
  projecting 
  tubes 
  at 
  the 
  summit 
  of 
  a 
  considerable 
  mammilla, 
  

   the 
  first 
  and 
  last 
  much 
  the 
  largest. 
  The 
  true 
  legs 
  carry 
  a 
  very 
  large, 
  

   scimitar-shaped, 
  battledore 
  palpus, 
  that 
  looks 
  at 
  first 
  like 
  the 
  claw, 
  

   which 
  is, 
  however, 
  only 
  half 
  its 
  length 
  (Chapman, 
  June 
  24th, 
  1904). 
  

   First 
  instar 
  (full-grown) 
  : 
  Head 
  much 
  larger, 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  body, 
  

   than 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  adult 
  larva 
  ; 
  rounded, 
  black, 
  surface 
  very 
  rugose, 
  thick 
  

   and 
  heavy-looking. 
  Body 
  of 
  even 
  thickness 
  ; 
  skin 
  much 
  wrinkled 
  ; 
  

   segmental 
  incisions 
  distinct 
  but 
  not 
  deep. 
  The 
  skin 
  covered 
  with 
  

   a 
  coat 
  of 
  sparse, 
  but 
  coarse, 
  dark-coloured 
  spicules. 
  Spiracles 
  

   prominent, 
  larger 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  size 
  of 
  larva 
  than 
  in 
  adult 
  ; 
  they 
  

   are 
  prominently 
  stalked, 
  or 
  mounted 
  on 
  chitinous 
  tubes. 
  The 
  pro- 
  

   thorax 
  bears 
  two 
  frontal 
  processes, 
  but 
  these 
  are 
  short 
  and 
  blunt- 
  

   ended, 
  not 
  conical 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  adult. 
  The 
  9th 
  and 
  10th 
  abdominal 
  

   segments 
  are 
  very 
  large, 
  the 
  9th 
  nearly 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  8th, 
  and 
  the 
  

   10th 
  somewhat 
  longer 
  ; 
  the 
  9th 
  bears 
  a 
  short 
  flattened 
  horn, 
  neither 
  

   so 
  tall 
  nor 
  circular 
  in 
  section 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  adult 
  larva, 
  although 
  there 
  is 
  

   some 
  variation 
  in 
  size. 
  The 
  setaa 
  at 
  anus, 
  simple, 
  fairly 
  long 
  and 
  

   tapering 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  head 
  they 
  are 
  short 
  and 
  club-ended, 
  apparently 
  just 
  

   as 
  in 
  adult. 
  The 
  primary 
  tubercles 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  no 
  better 
  developed 
  

  

  