﻿FREDERICINA 
  TESSERADACTYLA. 
  179 
  

  

  Foodplants. 
  — 
  Onaphalium 
  dioicum 
  (Gartner), 
  * 
  G. 
  arenarium 
  

   (? 
  luteoalbum) 
  (Sorhagen), 
  Gnaphaliiuu 
  alpium 
  (Wocke). 
  

  

  Puparium. 
  — 
  In 
  the 
  excavation 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  larva 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  

   iStem 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant, 
  the 
  fullfed 
  larva 
  pupates 
  ; 
  the 
  hollow 
  is 
  closed 
  

   up 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  silk 
  spinning, 
  and, 
  fixing 
  itself 
  in 
  an 
  upright 
  position, 
  

   'the 
  larva 
  changes 
  to 
  pupa. 
  On 
  May 
  16th, 
  1861, 
  the 
  natural 
  puparia 
  

   were 
  found, 
  a 
  bent-down 
  flower-bud, 
  kept 
  in 
  position 
  by 
  silken 
  threads, 
  

   beneath 
  which 
  a 
  deep 
  excavation 
  in 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  the 
  plant 
  was 
  hidden, 
  

   in 
  which 
  was 
  an 
  Alucitid 
  pupa 
  standing 
  in 
  an 
  upright 
  position. 
  By 
  

   following 
  up 
  this 
  clue 
  several 
  pupae 
  were 
  obtained, 
  but 
  it 
  was 
  too 
  late 
  

   for 
  larvae. 
  The 
  pupal 
  stage 
  lasts 
  about 
  three 
  weeks, 
  the 
  pupa 
  being 
  

   partly 
  protruded 
  from 
  its 
  puparium 
  on 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  the 
  imago 
  

   (Gartner). 
  The 
  larva 
  pupates 
  in 
  the 
  hollow 
  of 
  the 
  stem 
  which 
  it 
  has 
  

   previously 
  utilised 
  as 
  a 
  larval 
  habitation 
  ; 
  in 
  this, 
  the 
  pupa 
  stands 
  

   upright 
  (Hofmann). 
  The 
  pupa 
  can 
  move 
  the 
  abdomen 
  somewhat, 
  but 
  

   does 
  not 
  throw 
  the 
  anterior 
  parts 
  backwards 
  (Zeller). 
  

  

  Pupa. 
  — 
  The 
  slender 
  pupa 
  tapers 
  towards 
  the 
  posterior 
  end 
  ; 
  the 
  head 
  

   dark 
  brownish-grey, 
  which 
  colour 
  is 
  continued 
  to 
  beyond 
  the 
  thorax 
  ; 
  the 
  

   eye-covers 
  dark 
  with 
  the 
  frontal 
  prominence 
  between 
  them. 
  The 
  dorsum 
  

   of 
  the 
  abdomen 
  bone-yellow, 
  the 
  row 
  of 
  spots 
  along 
  the 
  back 
  and 
  the 
  

   lateral 
  curved 
  markings 
  darker 
  ; 
  above 
  the 
  cremaster 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  long, 
  

   thickly-ciliated 
  point, 
  directed 
  somewhat 
  upwards. 
  The 
  wing-cases 
  pale 
  

   greenish, 
  the 
  protruding 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  leg-cases, 
  which 
  stand 
  out 
  free 
  for 
  

   the 
  length 
  of 
  3^ 
  segments, 
  are 
  brownish, 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  hairy 
  cremaster 
  

   towards 
  the 
  belly 
  are 
  two 
  points. 
  The 
  older 
  the 
  pupa 
  the 
  more 
  it 
  is 
  

   marbled 
  with 
  brownish-grey 
  (Gartner). 
  About 
  4J'" 
  long, 
  slender, 
  the 
  

   head 
  bent 
  downwards, 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  dorsum 
  suddenly 
  swollen 
  ; 
  the 
  

   abdomen 
  closely 
  and 
  very 
  finely 
  striated 
  transversely, 
  quite 
  smooth, 
  

   greyish-white 
  ; 
  the 
  whitish 
  cases 
  of 
  the 
  forewings 
  have 
  a 
  brown-grey 
  

   dash 
  extending 
  towards 
  the 
  outer 
  margin 
  and 
  acutely 
  angled 
  towards 
  

   the 
  base. 
  Under 
  the 
  inner 
  margin 
  of 
  this 
  case, 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  hind- 
  

   wing 
  protrudes 
  as 
  a 
  very 
  narrow, 
  short, 
  segment-like 
  strip. 
  The 
  cases 
  

   of 
  the 
  legs 
  and 
  antenna?, 
  united 
  into 
  a 
  point, 
  reach 
  to 
  the 
  5th 
  

   abdominal 
  segment. 
  The 
  dorsal 
  line 
  is 
  indicated 
  only 
  at 
  its 
  commence- 
  

   ment 
  by 
  very 
  pale 
  spots. 
  On 
  each 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  dorsum 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen 
  

   runs 
  a 
  pale 
  brownish 
  longitudinal 
  stripe, 
  becoming 
  stronger 
  on 
  each 
  

   segment, 
  but 
  fading 
  out 
  on 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  segments. 
  Below 
  this, 
  a 
  row 
  

   of 
  pale 
  brownish 
  spots 
  runs 
  on 
  each 
  side, 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  lying 
  at 
  the 
  

   commencement 
  . 
  of 
  each 
  segment. 
  Still 
  lower, 
  a 
  row 
  of 
  faint 
  spots 
  

   follows 
  these, 
  but 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  segments 
  are 
  unspotted. 
  The 
  point 
  of 
  

   the 
  tail 
  is 
  curved 
  upwards, 
  sharply 
  pointed, 
  and 
  above 
  there 
  are 
  two 
  

   finely 
  pointed 
  warts 
  near 
  each 
  other. 
  Head, 
  thoracic 
  shield 
  and 
  leg- 
  

   cases 
  are 
  brown-grey 
  (Zeller). 
  

  

  Time 
  of 
  appearance. 
  — 
  In 
  Britain, 
  the 
  species 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   taken 
  only 
  in 
  June, 
  having 
  been 
  discovered 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  week 
  of 
  June, 
  

   1895, 
  at 
  Clonbrock, 
  and 
  again 
  taken 
  directly 
  afterwards 
  on 
  June 
  11th, 
  

   1895, 
  at 
  Ardrahan 
  (Kane). 
  It 
  also 
  occurs 
  in 
  central 
  Germany 
  in 
  June, 
  

   but 
  Mann 
  records 
  it 
  from 
  Tuscany 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  April, 
  and 
  

  

  * 
  This 
  plant 
  is 
  abundant 
  in 
  Scotland 
  , 
  Wales, 
  treland 
  and 
  many 
  parts 
  of 
  

   England, 
  descending 
  occasionally 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  coast 
  level, 
  its 
  general 
  habitat 
  being 
  

   mountain-heaths; 
  common 
  in 
  northern 
  Europe, 
  Asia 
  and 
  America 
  to 
  the 
  Arctic 
  

  

  regions, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  great 
  mountain 
  ranges 
  of 
  central 
  and 
  southern 
  Europe 
  and 
  

   Russian 
  Asia 
  (Bentham). 
  

  

  