﻿206 
  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  had 
  holes 
  in 
  them, 
  I 
  incline 
  to 
  the 
  opinion 
  that 
  the 
  larva 
  works 
  up 
  

   from 
  the 
  root 
  to 
  the 
  flower, 
  and 
  only 
  feeds 
  on 
  the 
  fruits 
  when 
  the 
  stem 
  is 
  

   cleared. 
  It 
  appears 
  probable 
  that, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  the 
  larva 
  mining 
  

   in 
  leaves 
  in 
  October, 
  near 
  the 
  midrib 
  and 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  stem, 
  the 
  

   larva 
  works 
  its 
  way 
  along 
  the 
  petiole 
  of 
  a 
  leaf, 
  lying 
  dormant 
  at 
  the 
  

   base 
  thereof 
  until 
  January 
  or 
  February, 
  at 
  which 
  date 
  the 
  previous 
  

   year's 
  leaves 
  are 
  still 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  foodplant, 
  and 
  then 
  enters 
  a 
  

   flower-stalk 
  just 
  as 
  it 
  begins 
  to 
  rise. 
  Such 
  small 
  larvae, 
  as 
  these 
  are 
  

   in 
  the 
  winter, 
  certainly 
  hybernate 
  in 
  the 
  foodplant 
  ; 
  they 
  also 
  leave 
  

   clear 
  signs 
  of 
  the 
  points 
  of 
  entrance 
  into 
  the 
  flower-stalks 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  the 
  surrounding 
  bracts." 
  About 
  200 
  flowering-stalks 
  of 
  Tussilago 
  far- 
  

   fara, 
  in 
  very 
  different 
  stages 
  of 
  development, 
  some 
  being 
  extremely 
  small, 
  

   others 
  nearly 
  fullgrown, 
  collected 
  at 
  Strood 
  on 
  April 
  20th, 
  1904, 
  by 
  Mr. 
  

   Ovenden, 
  and 
  sent 
  to 
  us, 
  were 
  split 
  on 
  the 
  morning 
  of 
  April 
  21st. 
  A 
  few 
  

   points 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  clear. 
  The 
  smallest 
  larvae, 
  now 
  about 
  3mm. 
  -4mm. 
  in 
  

   length, 
  are 
  in 
  the 
  bottom 
  internode 
  of 
  the 
  peduncle 
  or 
  scape, 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  

   entry 
  being 
  manifestly 
  just 
  at 
  the 
  upper 
  point 
  where 
  the 
  bottom 
  bract 
  

   joins 
  the 
  stem 
  ; 
  the 
  appearance 
  inside 
  leaves 
  one 
  with 
  the 
  impression 
  that 
  

   the 
  larvaB 
  had 
  been 
  within 
  this 
  for 
  some 
  time, 
  although 
  the 
  eating 
  of 
  the 
  

   inside 
  pith 
  in 
  quantity, 
  which 
  was 
  very 
  evident, 
  had 
  been 
  very 
  recent 
  ; 
  

   the 
  brown 
  tint 
  and 
  tiny 
  bore 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  burrows 
  make 
  one 
  suspect 
  

   this 
  area 
  as 
  a 
  possible 
  hybernaculum, 
  when 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  

   internode 
  has 
  not 
  proceeded 
  far. 
  Slightly 
  larger 
  larvae 
  had 
  pushed 
  

   their 
  way 
  up 
  into 
  the 
  stem 
  at 
  least 
  two 
  inches, 
  showing 
  traces 
  of 
  

   feeding 
  and 
  frass, 
  but 
  with 
  the 
  pith 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  flowering 
  

   stalk 
  and 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  flower 
  quite 
  unattacked, 
  firm, 
  and 
  uneaten. 
  

   Many 
  stalks, 
  however, 
  which 
  were 
  deserted, 
  and 
  were 
  not 
  otherwise 
  

   affected, 
  had 
  traces 
  of 
  attack 
  in 
  the 
  lowest 
  internode. 
  One 
  such 
  

   flowering- 
  stalk, 
  about 
  four 
  inches 
  in 
  length, 
  quite 
  young 
  and 
  with 
  the 
  

   capitulum 
  not 
  yet 
  opened, 
  that 
  had 
  been 
  attacked 
  in 
  this 
  manner 
  and 
  

   had 
  been 
  deserted, 
  had 
  a 
  tiny 
  entrance 
  hole 
  just 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  sheath 
  

   of 
  the 
  third 
  bract 
  below 
  the 
  capitulum 
  ; 
  the 
  gallery 
  from 
  this 
  led 
  to 
  the 
  

   pith 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  cleared 
  out 
  downwards 
  for 
  about 
  an 
  inch 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  

   larva 
  that 
  was 
  present. 
  There 
  was 
  no 
  connection 
  between 
  this 
  and 
  the 
  

   affected 
  internode 
  at 
  the 
  bottom, 
  or 
  the 
  flower 
  at 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  stalk, 
  

   the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  pith 
  and 
  the 
  receptacle, 
  being 
  unattacked 
  and 
  

   uneaten. 
  In 
  some 
  stalks, 
  the 
  connection 
  between 
  the 
  capitulum 
  

   and 
  the 
  bottom 
  node 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  gallery 
  in 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  the 
  stem 
  

   was 
  complete, 
  and 
  traces 
  of 
  eaten 
  pith 
  and 
  frass 
  were 
  evident 
  through- 
  

   out 
  the 
  whole 
  distance 
  ; 
  a 
  small 
  hole 
  in 
  the 
  flat 
  receptacle, 
  however, 
  

   suggested 
  that 
  the 
  stem 
  had 
  been 
  entered 
  from 
  the 
  top 
  and 
  not 
  from 
  

   the 
  bottom, 
  and 
  that, 
  by 
  eating 
  downwards, 
  the 
  particular 
  larva 
  had 
  

   at 
  last 
  reached 
  the 
  hybernaculum 
  of 
  another 
  larva 
  ; 
  that 
  this 
  

   was 
  certainly 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  some 
  instances 
  is 
  clear, 
  for, 
  in 
  one 
  case, 
  a 
  

   small 
  larva 
  was 
  making 
  the 
  usual 
  borings 
  in 
  the 
  lowest 
  internode 
  of 
  

   the 
  flower-stalk, 
  whilst 
  a 
  hole 
  in 
  the 
  receptacle 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  stalk, 
  being 
  

   followed 
  downwards, 
  showed 
  a 
  gallery 
  with 
  traces 
  of 
  frass 
  and 
  eaten 
  

   pith, 
  for 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  five 
  inches, 
  when 
  a 
  not 
  very 
  large 
  larva 
  was 
  

   reached, 
  only 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  one 
  in 
  the 
  lowest 
  internode 
  by 
  an 
  

   uneaten 
  and 
  untouched 
  distance 
  of 
  about 
  If 
  inches. 
  In 
  other 
  stalks 
  

   there 
  were 
  distinct 
  traces 
  of 
  the 
  entry 
  of 
  a 
  larva 
  in 
  a 
  not 
  yet, 
  or 
  scarcely, 
  

   opened 
  capitulum, 
  the 
  larva 
  having 
  entered 
  the 
  hollow 
  below 
  the 
  recep- 
  

   tacle 
  which 
  it 
  had 
  cleared 
  of 
  pith 
  and 
  gone 
  down 
  the 
  stem 
  for 
  some 
  

  

  