﻿208 
  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTEEA. 
  

  

  ing 
  beneath 
  the 
  down, 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  of 
  a 
  young 
  leaf, 
  underneath 
  the 
  curled- 
  

   back 
  flap 
  of 
  the 
  leaf. 
  (2) 
  Feeding 
  upwards 
  inside 
  the 
  flower-stalk. 
  (3) 
  

   Feeding 
  downwards 
  inside 
  the 
  flower-stalk. 
  (4) 
  Feeding 
  downwards 
  

   through 
  the 
  shoot 
  or 
  basal 
  portion 
  of 
  a 
  stem 
  into 
  the 
  rootstock 
  (two 
  or 
  

   three 
  well-grown 
  larvae 
  were 
  found 
  doing 
  this). 
  (5) 
  Feeding 
  in 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  a 
  flower 
  in 
  the 
  oft-described 
  way. 
  Bankes 
  adds 
  that, 
  from 
  the 
  pub- 
  

   lished 
  accounts, 
  one 
  would 
  gather 
  that, 
  when 
  there 
  are 
  plenty 
  of 
  tall 
  

   flower-heads 
  about, 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  would 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  them, 
  or 
  in 
  

   the 
  stalks 
  just 
  below 
  them, 
  but 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  those 
  found 
  were 
  in 
  

   other 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  plant, 
  nor 
  did 
  the 
  pose 
  of 
  the 
  four 
  tenanted 
  flower- 
  

   heads 
  differ 
  in 
  any 
  way, 
  except 
  in 
  one 
  instance, 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   untenanted 
  ones, 
  for 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  hang 
  head 
  downwards, 
  their 
  

   stems 
  being 
  bent 
  completely 
  over 
  above 
  the 
  flowers 
  ; 
  the 
  position 
  

   of 
  the 
  attacked 
  head 
  is 
  a 
  mere 
  matter 
  of 
  chance 
  ; 
  if 
  the 
  larva 
  

   happens 
  to 
  enter 
  a 
  flower-stem, 
  erect 
  throughout 
  its 
  length, 
  and 
  also 
  

   happens 
  to 
  mine 
  the 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  stem 
  just 
  below 
  the 
  head, 
  then 
  the 
  

   latter 
  will 
  droop 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  touch 
  the 
  scape, 
  as 
  South 
  says 
  (Entom., 
  xv., 
  

   p. 
  145), 
  but 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  always, 
  by 
  any 
  means, 
  bore 
  the 
  stem 
  below 
  the 
  

   head, 
  nor 
  if 
  it 
  bores 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  numerous 
  stems 
  already 
  bent 
  right 
  over, 
  

   can 
  the 
  head 
  droop 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  touch 
  the 
  scape. 
  Chapman 
  notes 
  that, 
  on 
  

   May 
  2nd, 
  1903, 
  near 
  Lac 
  Bourget, 
  several 
  larvae 
  were 
  found 
  apparently 
  

   fullfed, 
  the 
  food 
  of 
  which 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  receptacle 
  and 
  the 
  

   material 
  just 
  below 
  it. 
  He 
  notes 
  further 
  that, 
  if 
  this 
  be 
  insufficient, 
  the 
  

   larva 
  will 
  go 
  down 
  the 
  stem; 
  usually 
  it 
  does 
  this 
  for 
  a 
  short 
  distance, 
  

   i 
  inch 
  or 
  so, 
  but 
  more 
  rarely 
  goes 
  quite 
  to 
  the 
  bottom 
  ; 
  the 
  flowers 
  destroyed 
  

   by 
  the 
  larvae 
  succeed 
  in 
  seeding, 
  or 
  rather 
  the 
  achenes 
  remain, 
  but 
  contain 
  

   no 
  seed, 
  and 
  the 
  pappus 
  is 
  fully 
  developed 
  ; 
  the 
  amount 
  eaten 
  by 
  the 
  larva 
  

   appears 
  to 
  be, 
  usually, 
  small, 
  only 
  the 
  fleshy 
  receptacle 
  and 
  little 
  else, 
  

   so 
  that 
  it 
  also, 
  probably, 
  in 
  the 
  rapidly-growing 
  flower, 
  gets 
  a 
  good 
  

   deal 
  of 
  sap 
  ; 
  the 
  plants 
  show 
  no 
  other 
  damage, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  

   that 
  the 
  larva 
  reaches 
  this 
  spot 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  its 
  hybernation 
  is 
  over, 
  and 
  

   as 
  growth 
  begins 
  in 
  the 
  plant 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  certain 
  that, 
  when 
  the 
  shaft 
  of 
  the 
  

   flower-stem 
  is 
  burrowed 
  into, 
  this 
  is 
  done 
  from 
  the 
  top 
  ; 
  these 
  conclusions 
  

   are 
  derived 
  from 
  noting 
  the 
  damage 
  done 
  to 
  the 
  plants 
  at 
  Lac 
  Bourget, 
  

   and 
  may 
  easily 
  omit 
  something, 
  an 
  actual 
  observation 
  of 
  the 
  larva 
  

   between 
  hybernation 
  and 
  its 
  full-growth 
  in 
  spring 
  being 
  still 
  a 
  

   desideratum. 
  Gregson 
  observes 
  (Ent., 
  vi., 
  p. 
  426) 
  that 
  the 
  larvae 
  feed 
  

   in 
  April 
  in 
  the 
  young 
  flower-shoots 
  of 
  Tussilago 
  farfara, 
  causing 
  them 
  

   to 
  be 
  stunted 
  and 
  droop 
  ; 
  towards 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  April, 
  they 
  leave 
  these 
  

   stems 
  and 
  enter 
  more 
  advanced 
  flower-stalks, 
  a 
  little 
  below 
  the 
  flower- 
  

   head, 
  and 
  live 
  beneath 
  the 
  seeds, 
  eating 
  them 
  from 
  below, 
  or 
  the} 
  7 
  enter 
  

   a 
  well-grown 
  flower, 
  before 
  it 
  is 
  open, 
  causing 
  it 
  to 
  burst 
  on 
  one 
  side, 
  

   and 
  take 
  their 
  place 
  among 
  the 
  seeds 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  they 
  have 
  eaten 
  out 
  a 
  

   home 
  to 
  iive 
  in 
  ; 
  on 
  one 
  occasion, 
  in 
  June, 
  at 
  Llanferas, 
  a 
  larva 
  was 
  

   found 
  feeding 
  in 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  gallery, 
  made 
  in, 
  or 
  under, 
  the 
  woolly 
  under- 
  

   side 
  of 
  a 
  coltsfoot 
  leaf. 
  Peers 
  (Ent., 
  ii., 
  p. 
  38) 
  and 
  South 
  (Ent., 
  xv., 
  

   p. 
  32) 
  publish 
  notes 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  larval 
  attack 
  on 
  the 
  flower-heads. 
  

   Barrett 
  says 
  (Lep. 
  Brit. 
  Isles, 
  ix., 
  p. 
  353) 
  that, 
  in 
  April 
  and 
  May, 
  the 
  

   larva 
  eats 
  out 
  the 
  substance 
  of 
  the 
  bud 
  or 
  flower 
  or 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  

   seedvessel, 
  and 
  that 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  feeds 
  in 
  June 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  root 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  plants. 
  Our 
  preceding 
  notes 
  suggest 
  that 
  

   the 
  latter 
  of 
  these 
  statements 
  is 
  probably 
  inaccurate. 
  

  

  Larva. 
  — 
  First 
  instar 
  (June 
  17th, 
  1904). 
  — 
  Pale 
  greenish 
  colour, 
  with 
  

  

  