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  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  Puparium. 
  — 
  The 
  seasonal 
  dimorphism 
  to 
  be 
  observed 
  in 
  the 
  mode 
  

   of 
  spinning 
  the 
  puparia, 
  by 
  spring 
  and 
  autumnal 
  larvae 
  respectively, 
  is 
  

   very 
  interesting. 
  Spring 
  larvae. 
  — 
  When 
  f 
  ullfed, 
  the 
  larva 
  usually 
  clears 
  

   out 
  a 
  space 
  among 
  the 
  pappus 
  on 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  receptacle, 
  by 
  thrusting 
  

   a 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  pappus 
  hairs 
  aside 
  and 
  spinning 
  a 
  few 
  threads, 
  which 
  

   keep 
  the 
  hairs 
  in 
  position, 
  and 
  prevent 
  them 
  later 
  from 
  falling 
  off. 
  On 
  

   this 
  group 
  of 
  spun-together 
  pappus 
  hairs, 
  the 
  larva 
  rests 
  vertically 
  with 
  

   the 
  head 
  uppermost 
  and 
  surrounded 
  on 
  all 
  sides 
  by 
  the 
  pappus. 
  In 
  

   about 
  three 
  days 
  it 
  becomes 
  a 
  pupa 
  ; 
  if 
  a 
  larva 
  be 
  late 
  in 
  feeding 
  up, 
  

   and 
  cannot 
  find 
  an 
  unoccupied 
  scape, 
  it 
  will 
  enter 
  a 
  leaf-stalk 
  and 
  eat 
  

   out 
  its 
  inner 
  substance, 
  or, 
  in 
  rare 
  instances, 
  will 
  eat 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  

   the 
  leaves 
  (which, 
  of 
  course, 
  it 
  habitually 
  does 
  in 
  the 
  second, 
  or 
  

   autumnal, 
  brood). 
  Under 
  these 
  conditions, 
  it 
  will 
  clear 
  off 
  the 
  

   tomentose 
  hairs 
  on 
  the 
  undersurface 
  of 
  the 
  leaf, 
  and, 
  mixing 
  them 
  

   among 
  its 
  threads 
  of 
  silk, 
  form 
  a 
  flattish 
  oval 
  cocoon, 
  in 
  which 
  to 
  

   pupate, 
  exactly 
  as 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  the 
  later 
  brood 
  does. 
  One 
  such 
  

   puparium 
  was 
  found 
  on 
  May 
  18th, 
  1904, 
  at 
  Chiswick, 
  and, 
  just 
  in 
  its 
  

   vicinity, 
  four 
  other 
  puparia 
  were 
  noted, 
  formed 
  of 
  the 
  spun- 
  up 
  pappus 
  

   of 
  the 
  old 
  flower-heads 
  (Sich). 
  The 
  larva 
  spins 
  together 
  a 
  quantity 
  of 
  the 
  

   pappus, 
  so 
  that 
  a 
  portion 
  of 
  it 
  looks 
  a 
  little 
  close 
  together, 
  and 
  it 
  may, 
  

   in 
  many 
  cases, 
  be 
  pulled 
  apart 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  without 
  revealing 
  the 
  pupa. 
  

   In 
  one 
  case, 
  the 
  larva 
  had 
  gone 
  to 
  another 
  head 
  and 
  made 
  its 
  cocoon 
  

   in 
  the 
  pappus 
  of 
  a 
  normal 
  uninjured 
  flower-head 
  ; 
  the 
  pupa 
  stands 
  up 
  

   in 
  the 
  cocoon, 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  pappus, 
  and 
  with 
  its 
  tail 
  to 
  the 
  recep- 
  

   taculum 
  (Chapman). 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  brood 
  spin 
  the 
  pappus 
  of 
  

   the 
  flower-head 
  together, 
  or 
  make 
  a 
  slight 
  web 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  a 
  leaf, 
  

   and 
  suspend 
  themselves 
  therein 
  for 
  pupation. 
  Even 
  in 
  confinement, 
  when 
  

   the 
  larva 
  pupates 
  on 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  a 
  box, 
  it 
  appears 
  always 
  to 
  spin 
  a 
  slight 
  

   silken 
  puparium 
  within 
  which 
  to 
  change 
  (Tutt). 
  Pupation 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  

   the 
  cavity 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  a 
  seedhead 
  of 
  coltsfoot, 
  excavated 
  by 
  the 
  larva, 
  

   with 
  the 
  terminal 
  pappus 
  drawn 
  together 
  (Barrett). 
  It 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  

   somewhat 
  difficult 
  to 
  find 
  pupae 
  in 
  nature, 
  I 
  have 
  only 
  found 
  a 
  few, 
  

   and 
  all 
  have 
  been 
  contained 
  in 
  a 
  puparium 
  formed 
  of 
  a 
  tuft 
  of 
  the 
  pappus 
  

   spun 
  together. 
  Pupae 
  were 
  still 
  obtainable 
  at 
  Strood, 
  up 
  to 
  May 
  19th, 
  

   1904, 
  the 
  first 
  having 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  early 
  April 
  (Ovenden). 
  Autumnal 
  

   larvae. 
  — 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  brood 
  appear 
  always 
  to 
  spin 
  a 
  silken 
  

   web 
  on 
  the 
  undersurface 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant, 
  usually 
  in 
  a 
  

   fork 
  formed 
  by 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  veins. 
  It 
  is 
  often 
  a 
  moderately 
  thick 
  

   structure 
  with 
  small 
  pieces 
  of 
  the 
  under-epidermis 
  of 
  the 
  leaf 
  woven 
  

   into 
  the 
  silk. 
  The 
  larva 
  then 
  suspends 
  itself 
  in 
  the 
  usual 
  Alucitid 
  

   fashion 
  within 
  the 
  web, 
  and 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  attached 
  by 
  the 
  hooks 
  of 
  the 
  

   cremaster 
  which 
  is 
  apparently 
  almost 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  10th 
  abdominal 
  seg- 
  

   ment, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  pupa-case 
  remains 
  within 
  the 
  web 
  on 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  the 
  

   moth 
  (Tutt). 
  Barrett 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  generation 
  are 
  

   attached 
  to 
  a 
  stem 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant. 
  We 
  have 
  never 
  thus 
  observed 
  it, 
  

   and, 
  if 
  it 
  does 
  so, 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  of 
  very 
  rare 
  occurrence. 
  Sorhagen 
  notes 
  

   that, 
  in 
  Brandenburg, 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  brood, 
  it 
  prefers 
  to 
  pupate 
  on 
  

   the 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  leaf 
  or 
  in 
  a 
  stalk. 
  Stange 
  notes 
  a 
  similar 
  preference 
  

   in 
  this 
  brood 
  in 
  Mecklenburg, 
  adding 
  that 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon 
  

   on 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  leaf, 
  causes 
  the 
  latter 
  to 
  become 
  quite 
  conspicu- 
  

   ously 
  folded. 
  Biittner 
  says, 
  also, 
  "pupates 
  by 
  preference 
  on 
  the 
  under- 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant," 
  in 
  Pomerania, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  

  

  