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  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  definite 
  ridge 
  or 
  flange 
  below 
  the 
  spiracle 
  on 
  the 
  4th 
  

   abdominal 
  segment, 
  which 
  extends 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  cremastral 
  spine, 
  

   where 
  it 
  combines 
  with 
  the 
  dorsal 
  ridges, 
  which 
  reappear 
  on 
  the 
  8th, 
  

   9th, 
  and 
  10th 
  abdominals, 
  to 
  give 
  a 
  somewhat 
  quadrangular 
  section 
  to 
  

   the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  pupa. 
  On 
  the 
  wings, 
  the 
  veins 
  stand 
  out 
  as 
  raised 
  

   ridges. 
  The 
  area 
  beyond 
  " 
  Poulton's 
  line 
  " 
  is 
  quite 
  flat. 
  The 
  appendages 
  

   are 
  free 
  beyond 
  the 
  3rd 
  abdominal 
  segment 
  by 
  about 
  l-8mm. 
  This 
  

   portion 
  includes 
  the 
  produced 
  wing-apices 
  (beyond 
  Poulton's 
  line), 
  

   about 
  l-4mm., 
  angular, 
  and 
  behind 
  second 
  legs 
  at 
  the 
  extremity; 
  the 
  

   second 
  legs 
  which 
  reach 
  the 
  extremity; 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  proboscis 
  

   appearing 
  between 
  them 
  ; 
  the 
  maxillae 
  behind 
  for 
  a 
  great 
  parb 
  of 
  their 
  

   length 
  ; 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  of 
  legs 
  behind 
  the 
  second, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  

   just 
  beyond 
  them, 
  sometimes 
  a 
  little 
  short. 
  The 
  first 
  pair 
  of 
  legs 
  end 
  

   at 
  about 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  3rd 
  abdominal 
  segment 
  (base 
  of 
  free 
  spine*. 
  

   The 
  maxillae 
  are 
  visible 
  below 
  the 
  head 
  for 
  about 
  2-2mm., 
  and 
  then 
  are 
  

   hidden 
  for 
  3* 
  5mm. 
  below 
  the 
  second 
  pair 
  of 
  legs. 
  The 
  labrum 
  is 
  a 
  

   triangular 
  piece, 
  beneath 
  which 
  the 
  mandibles 
  meet 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  line 
  

   for 
  about 
  0-2mm. 
  ; 
  the 
  diamond 
  of 
  labium 
  visible 
  below 
  them 
  is 
  only 
  

   about 
  O'lmm. 
  long 
  and 
  exceedingly 
  narrow. 
  The 
  antennae 
  reach 
  down 
  

   4mm., 
  i.e., 
  l-5mm. 
  short 
  of 
  first 
  legs. 
  The 
  latter 
  have 
  a 
  square 
  top, 
  the 
  

   flat 
  end 
  abutting 
  against 
  antenna, 
  the 
  2nd 
  pair 
  has 
  a 
  rounded 
  end 
  

   where 
  the 
  curve 
  of 
  antenna 
  bounds 
  its 
  upper 
  portion. 
  The 
  central 
  

   rough 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  eye-piece 
  carries 
  two 
  short 
  hairs. 
  The 
  eye-portions 
  

   are 
  carried 
  on 
  dehiscence 
  like 
  horns 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  pupa-case, 
  by 
  a 
  

   slight 
  attachment 
  to 
  the 
  nearly 
  invisible 
  dorsal 
  headpiece 
  ; 
  the 
  

   prothorax 
  is 
  somewhat 
  roughly 
  oval, 
  about 
  06mm. 
  x 
  04mm. 
  Amongst 
  

   the 
  wing 
  veins, 
  the 
  transverse 
  vein, 
  with 
  two 
  short 
  veins 
  (5 
  and 
  6), 
  

   stopping 
  and 
  giving 
  place 
  to 
  a 
  fold 
  representing 
  the 
  fissure, 
  are 
  very 
  

   definitely 
  marked 
  (Chapman). 
  

  

  Variation 
  of 
  pupa.- 
  — 
  There 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  as 
  much 
  divergence 
  in 
  

   colour 
  and 
  markings 
  in 
  the 
  pupal, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  larval, 
  stage, 
  the 
  pupa 
  

   exhibiting, 
  besides 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  well-marked 
  forms, 
  many 
  intermediate 
  

   ones. 
  Those 
  described 
  by 
  us, 
  in 
  May, 
  1888, 
  when 
  the 
  pupa-cases 
  were 
  

   well-set, 
  are: 
  

  

  1. 
  Ground 
  colour 
  pinkish, 
  with 
  dark 
  reddish 
  dorsal 
  and 
  subdorsal 
  stripes, 
  with 
  

   the 
  wingcases 
  darker 
  and 
  striated 
  all 
  over 
  with 
  fine 
  longitudinal 
  black 
  lines 
  ; 
  

   generally, 
  but 
  not 
  always, 
  with 
  distinct 
  black 
  spiracles. 
  

  

  2. 
  Ground 
  colour 
  grey, 
  with 
  dorsal, 
  and 
  subdorsal, 
  lines, 
  and 
  wingcases 
  as 
  in 
  1, 
  

   but 
  the 
  spiracles 
  always 
  very 
  indistinct. 
  

  

  3. 
  Ground 
  colour, 
  bright 
  green, 
  with 
  no 
  stripes, 
  the 
  abdominal 
  incisions 
  

   slightly 
  paler, 
  the 
  wingcases 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  green 
  colour, 
  and 
  no 
  longitudinal 
  striee 
  ; 
  

   the 
  spiracles 
  whitish. 
  

  

  4. 
  Ground 
  colour, 
  unicolorous 
  pink, 
  with 
  whitish 
  wingcases, 
  the 
  spiracles 
  very 
  

   indistinct. 
  

  

  All 
  the 
  above 
  varieties 
  assume 
  a 
  dark 
  appearance 
  just 
  before 
  

   emergence. 
  

  

  Time 
  of 
  appearance. 
  — 
  The 
  species 
  is 
  apparently 
  distributed 
  

   throughout 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  central 
  Europe, 
  but 
  appears 
  to 
  fail 
  in 
  high 
  

   latitudes 
  and 
  altitudes, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  southern 
  localities. 
  In 
  Britain^ 
  

   it 
  is 
  usually 
  on 
  the 
  wing 
  from 
  mid-May 
  to 
  early 
  July, 
  and 
  again 
  from 
  

   August 
  to 
  well 
  into 
  October, 
  but 
  the 
  dates 
  vary 
  somewhat 
  according 
  

   to 
  season 
  and 
  latitude 
  even 
  in 
  our 
  own 
  islands. 
  In 
  Switzerland, 
  Frey 
  

   notes 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  levels 
  as 
  occurring 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  May 
  and 
  begin- 
  

   ning 
  of 
  June, 
  and, 
  again, 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  July 
  and 
  beginning 
  of 
  August. 
  

   In 
  Germany, 
  it 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  similarly 
  doublebrooded, 
  e.g., 
  in 
  May- 
  

  

  