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  BEITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  C. 
  clinopodium 
  (Clinopodium 
  vulgare), 
  Mentha 
  sp. 
  (Jeffrey), 
  Jurinia 
  (Ser- 
  

   ratula) 
  pollichii 
  (von 
  Hey 
  den), 
  Vacciniumoxy 
  coccus 
  (Hering) 
  , 
  Mimulus 
  car- 
  

   dinalis 
  (Mclntyre), 
  Galeopsis 
  tetrahit 
  (Harwood), 
  Ononis 
  spinosa, 
  0. 
  repens 
  

   (Frey), 
  0. 
  arvensis 
  (Stollwerck), 
  Erica 
  tetralix 
  (Freer), 
  C 
  allium 
  vulgaris 
  

   (Bossier), 
  cultivated 
  pelargoniums 
  (Zeller), 
  Geranium 
  rot 
  undi 
  folium 
  

   (Sich), 
  Carlina 
  {teste 
  Sorhagen). 
  Bankes 
  writes: 
  "I 
  have 
  found 
  the 
  

   larvae 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  plentifully 
  on 
  flower-spikes 
  of 
  Stachys 
  sylvatica, 
  

   and 
  not 
  uncommonly 
  on 
  those 
  of 
  8. 
  palustris, 
  and 
  have 
  also 
  taken 
  the 
  

   imago 
  in 
  some 
  spots 
  where 
  there 
  could 
  be 
  no 
  reasonable 
  doubt 
  that 
  

   the 
  larvae 
  had 
  fed 
  on 
  Ononis 
  repens, 
  and 
  in 
  others 
  where 
  it 
  had 
  

   probably 
  fed 
  on 
  Erica 
  tetralix, 
  or 
  one 
  of 
  its 
  near 
  allies." 
  Mclntyre 
  

   notes 
  that 
  he 
  discovered 
  larvae 
  eating 
  the 
  contents 
  of 
  the 
  seed-pods 
  of 
  

   Mimulus 
  cardinalis, 
  at 
  Leytonstone; 
  D'Orville, 
  that 
  Zeller 
  found 
  larvae, 
  

   on 
  July 
  20th, 
  1846, 
  on 
  a 
  garden 
  pelargonium, 
  boring 
  into 
  the 
  buds, 
  

   but 
  that 
  some 
  he 
  found 
  at 
  Alphington 
  ate 
  also 
  the 
  leaves, 
  petals, 
  and 
  

   tips 
  of 
  the 
  flower-buds 
  ; 
  South 
  found 
  them 
  feeding 
  on 
  restharrow, 
  and 
  

   on 
  the 
  flowers 
  and 
  unripe 
  seeds 
  of 
  Stachys 
  sylvatica, 
  at 
  Ventnor 
  ; 
  N. 
  C. 
  

   Bothschild, 
  on 
  restharrow, 
  broom 
  and 
  geranium. 
  Hofmann 
  says 
  that, 
  

   although 
  flowers 
  are 
  the 
  usual 
  food, 
  the 
  larvae 
  also 
  eat 
  the 
  underside 
  

   of 
  young 
  leaves 
  of 
  several 
  of 
  the 
  foodplants. 
  (See 
  Ent. 
  Rec, 
  xvii., 
  p. 
  48.) 
  

  

  Parasites. 
  — 
  Bankes 
  writes 
  (in 
  litt.) 
  : 
  " 
  Probably 
  at 
  least 
  50 
  per 
  

   cent, 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  larvae 
  that 
  I 
  have 
  collected 
  in 
  Devon 
  and 
  Dorset 
  have 
  

   been 
  infested 
  with 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  a 
  parasitic 
  fly, 
  identified 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Claude 
  

   Morley 
  as 
  Apanteles 
  fuliginosus, 
  Wesm., 
  which 
  also 
  occurs 
  in 
  Belgium, 
  

   Holland, 
  and 
  Germany, 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  bred 
  from 
  four 
  species 
  of 
  Tineina. 
  

   The 
  infested 
  larva 
  can, 
  when 
  moderately 
  grown, 
  be 
  readily 
  recognised 
  

   by 
  its 
  sickly 
  yellowish 
  colour, 
  and 
  finally, 
  instead 
  of 
  its 
  pupating, 
  the 
  

   Braconid 
  larva 
  comes 
  forth 
  from 
  inside 
  its 
  host, 
  and 
  immediately 
  

   spins 
  its 
  neat, 
  elliptical, 
  straw-coloured, 
  silken 
  cocoon, 
  usually 
  on 
  the 
  

   flower-spike 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant." 
  Biding 
  says 
  (in 
  litt.) 
  : 
  " 
  The 
  larvae 
  

   are 
  always 
  very 
  much 
  ichneumoned, 
  and, 
  in 
  1898, 
  I 
  think 
  I 
  did 
  not 
  

   breed 
  10 
  imagines, 
  out 
  of 
  more 
  than 
  60 
  larvae 
  taken, 
  owing 
  to 
  this 
  

   cause, 
  and 
  this 
  has 
  generally 
  been 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  other 
  years." 
  (See 
  Ent. 
  

   Rec, 
  xvii., 
  p. 
  47.) 
  

  

  Puparium. 
  — 
  The 
  larva 
  spins 
  a 
  pad 
  of 
  white 
  silk, 
  usually 
  on 
  the 
  

   flowering- 
  stem 
  of 
  the 
  foodplant, 
  to 
  which 
  it 
  attaches 
  itself 
  before 
  

   undergoing 
  pupation. 
  The 
  pupa 
  is 
  fixed 
  by 
  its 
  cremaster 
  thereto, 
  and, 
  

   when 
  situated 
  among 
  the 
  calyces 
  of 
  Stachys, 
  is 
  somewhat 
  difficult 
  of 
  

   detection. 
  Barrett 
  says 
  that 
  it 
  attaches 
  itself 
  by 
  the 
  tailhooks 
  to 
  the 
  

   flower- 
  spikes, 
  between 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  whorls 
  of 
  flowers, 
  looking 
  wonder- 
  

   fully 
  like 
  a 
  withered 
  blossom 
  itself. 
  Bankes 
  writes 
  (in 
  litt.): 
  "Careful 
  

   observations 
  made 
  on 
  an 
  immense 
  number 
  of 
  pupae 
  found 
  in 
  nature 
  on 
  

   Stachys 
  sylvatica 
  prove 
  that, 
  as 
  a 
  general 
  rule, 
  they 
  are 
  attached, 
  by 
  the 
  

   anal 
  armature 
  only, 
  to 
  a 
  long 
  slight 
  pad 
  of 
  white 
  silk, 
  spun 
  on 
  the 
  stem 
  

   of 
  the 
  flower-spike, 
  and 
  hang 
  head 
  downwards 
  along 
  the 
  portion 
  of 
  

   stem 
  between 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  whorls 
  of 
  calyces, 
  but 
  exceptions 
  are 
  not 
  

   rare, 
  and 
  pupae 
  have 
  been 
  met 
  with 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  positions: 
  

  

  (1) 
  horizontal 
  ; 
  pupa 
  attached 
  to 
  either 
  the 
  upper 
  or 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  

   whorl, 
  and 
  with 
  head 
  pointing 
  inwards, 
  or, 
  more 
  rarely, 
  outwards 
  ; 
  

  

  (2) 
  horizontal 
  ; 
  pupa 
  attached, 
  on 
  either 
  the 
  upper 
  or 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  

   leaf 
  or 
  leaflet, 
  to 
  either 
  the 
  midrib, 
  or 
  the 
  margin, 
  or 
  the 
  intervening 
  

   surface, 
  and 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  pointing 
  directly, 
  or 
  else 
  obliquely, 
  either 
  

   inwards 
  or 
  outwards 
  ; 
  (3) 
  perpendicular 
  ; 
  pupa 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  stem 
  of 
  

   the 
  flower-spike, 
  and 
  standing 
  erect 
  along 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  pointing 
  

  

  