﻿AMBLYPTILIA 
  COSMODACTYLA. 
  289 
  

  

  upwards, 
  thus 
  exactly 
  reversing 
  the 
  usual 
  position 
  ; 
  (4) 
  perpendicular 
  ; 
  

   pupa 
  attached 
  to 
  upperside 
  of 
  a 
  whorl 
  of 
  calyces, 
  and 
  standing 
  quite 
  

   erect, 
  head 
  upwards, 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  stem, 
  and 
  with 
  no 
  support 
  of 
  any 
  

   kind 
  except 
  at, 
  and 
  close 
  to, 
  the 
  anal 
  extremity. 
  I 
  have 
  only, 
  as 
  yet, 
  

   met 
  with 
  a 
  solitary 
  pupa 
  in 
  this 
  very 
  remarkable 
  attitude. 
  The 
  precise 
  

   method 
  of 
  attachment 
  is 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  At 
  1mm. 
  from 
  the 
  actual 
  anal 
  

   extremity, 
  the 
  pupa 
  has, 
  ventrally, 
  a 
  cluster 
  of 
  stiff 
  bristles 
  with 
  hooked 
  

   ends, 
  which, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  armature 
  of 
  the 
  anal 
  extremity 
  itself, 
  

   are 
  firmly 
  fixed 
  into 
  the 
  long 
  silken 
  pad 
  spun 
  by 
  the 
  larva. 
  The 
  pupa 
  

   has 
  thus 
  the 
  power 
  of 
  maintaining 
  any 
  position, 
  quite 
  independently 
  

   of 
  any 
  support 
  except 
  that 
  afforded 
  it 
  by 
  the 
  silken 
  pad 
  ; 
  if, 
  for 
  instance, 
  

   it 
  is 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  horizontal 
  leaf, 
  it 
  maintains 
  a 
  

   horizontal 
  position 
  equally 
  with 
  the 
  leaf 
  itself. 
  Shortly 
  before 
  the 
  

   moth 
  emerges, 
  the 
  pupa 
  assumes 
  a 
  somewhat 
  semicircular 
  attitude, 
  

   raising 
  itself 
  anteriorly, 
  and 
  curling 
  itself 
  back 
  over 
  its 
  posterior 
  

   segments, 
  probably 
  to 
  allow 
  to 
  the 
  lengthy 
  legs 
  the 
  free 
  play 
  which 
  

   would 
  be 
  impossible 
  if 
  the 
  normal 
  position 
  were 
  maintained 
  through- 
  

   out." 
  Chapman 
  says 
  that, 
  in 
  several 
  instances, 
  in 
  confinement, 
  

   he 
  has 
  observed 
  that 
  the 
  larval 
  skin 
  is 
  entangled 
  amongst 
  the 
  

   dorsal 
  spines 
  (columns) 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  of 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments 
  of 
  the 
  

   pupa, 
  either 
  those 
  on 
  the 
  3rd 
  abdominal 
  or 
  those 
  behind. 
  This 
  may 
  

   be 
  normal, 
  accidental, 
  or 
  a 
  mark 
  of 
  debility, 
  but 
  which, 
  he 
  has 
  no 
  

   grounds 
  for 
  deciding, 
  but 
  he 
  is 
  not 
  quite 
  sure 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  due 
  to 
  a 
  

   few 
  threads 
  of 
  silk 
  spun 
  about 
  the 
  larva 
  by 
  other 
  larvas 
  searching 
  for 
  a 
  

   pupating-place. 
  He 
  further 
  remarks 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  larva 
  

   prefers 
  to 
  pupate 
  on 
  a 
  slope 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  down, 
  but 
  will 
  apparently 
  

   approve 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  a 
  horizontal 
  surface, 
  but 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  rarely 
  

   fixed 
  with 
  its 
  head 
  upwards. 
  This 
  seems, 
  he 
  says, 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  feature 
  with 
  

   many 
  "plume 
  " 
  larvas. 
  

  

  Pupa. 
  — 
  The 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  is 
  8mm.-9mm. 
  The 
  colour 
  is, 
  in 
  

   all 
  cases, 
  varied 
  by 
  markings, 
  chiefly 
  of 
  olive, 
  pink, 
  or 
  reddish-brown, 
  

   on 
  a 
  green 
  ground 
  ; 
  in 
  a 
  few 
  the 
  ground-colour 
  so 
  predominates 
  that 
  the 
  

   pupa 
  may 
  be 
  called 
  green 
  ; 
  in 
  the 
  majority 
  it 
  is 
  so 
  largely 
  overlaid 
  by 
  olive 
  

   and 
  brown 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  little 
  in 
  evidence, 
  and 
  again, 
  in 
  a 
  few 
  cases, 
  the 
  pupa 
  

   may 
  be 
  called 
  reddish 
  or 
  brown, 
  whilst, 
  in 
  one 
  or 
  two, 
  it 
  is 
  rather 
  terra- 
  

   cotta, 
  with 
  reddish 
  to 
  black 
  markings. 
  The 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  where 
  

   the 
  different 
  colours 
  predominate 
  are 
  very 
  various 
  ; 
  thus, 
  one 
  specimen 
  has 
  

   the 
  appendages 
  and 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  dorsum 
  of 
  thorax, 
  and 
  1st 
  and 
  2nd 
  

   abdominal 
  segments, 
  green,with 
  the 
  rest 
  brownish-red. 
  Another 
  has 
  wings 
  

   and 
  appendages 
  beautifully 
  tinted 
  with 
  pink, 
  with 
  abdomen 
  (especially 
  

   beneath) 
  green. 
  As 
  the 
  markings 
  that 
  are 
  practically 
  always 
  present, 
  

   one 
  may 
  note 
  those 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  greenest 
  (palest) 
  pupa. 
  (1) 
  This 
  pupa 
  

   is 
  quite 
  green 
  throughout, 
  except 
  the 
  markings. 
  The 
  dorsal 
  column 
  

   on 
  the 
  3rd 
  abdominal 
  segment 
  is 
  most 
  conspicuous, 
  almost 
  black, 
  

   with 
  a 
  pale 
  tip; 
  from 
  this 
  a 
  brownish 
  shade 
  runs 
  forward 
  a 
  little 
  

   way 
  along 
  the 
  dorsal 
  flange, 
  and 
  also 
  downwards 
  and 
  forwards 
  to 
  bhe 
  

   anal 
  angle 
  of 
  wing, 
  the 
  nearest 
  point 
  of 
  the 
  wing 
  to 
  column, 
  continuing 
  

   to, 
  and 
  gradually 
  fading 
  out 
  at, 
  centre 
  of 
  wing, 
  making 
  an 
  oblique 
  

   downwards 
  and 
  forwards 
  stripe; 
  parallel 
  with 
  this, 
  in 
  front, 
  is 
  a 
  similar 
  

   stripe 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  2nd 
  abdominal 
  at 
  bhe 
  flange, 
  where 
  the 
  

   beginning 
  is 
  nearly 
  black; 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  band 
  across 
  the 
  wing, 
  aearly 
  

   to 
  antenna, 
  is 
  dark 
  olive-green, 
  as, 
  indeed, 
  is 
  bhe 
  wing-portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   other. 
  This 
  forward 
  one 
  is. 
  in 
  reality, 
  more 
  pronounced 
  than 
  the 
  posterior 
  

  

  